• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2001

The soot yield has been studied by a premixed propane-oxygen-inert gas combustion in a specially designed disk-type constant-volume combustion chamber to investigate the effects of pressure, temperature and turbulence on soot formation. Premixtures are simultaneously ignited by eight spark plugs located on the circumference of chamber at 45 degree intervals in order to observe the soot formation under high pressures. The eight flames converged compress the end gases to a high pressure. The laser schlieren and direct flame photographs for observation field with 10 mm in diameter are taken to examine into the behaviors of flame front and gas flow in laminar and turbulent combustion. The soot volume fraction in the chamber center during the final stage of combustion at the highest pressure is measured by the in situ laser extinction technique and simultaneously the corresponding burnt gas temperature by the two-color pyrometry method. The pressure and temperature during soot formation are changed by varying the initial charge pressure and the volume fraction of inert gas compositions, respectively. It is found that the soot yield increases with dropping temperature and rising pressure at constant equivalence ratio, and that the soot yield of turbulent combustion decreases in comparison with that of laminar combustion because the burnt gas temperature increases with the drop of heat loss.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.27 no.7
• /
• pp.889-898
• /
• 2003

The soot yield is studied by a premixed propane-oxygen-inert gas combustion in a specially designed disk-type constant-volume combustion chamber to investigate the effect of turbulence on soot formation. Premixtures are simultaneously ignited by eight spark plugs located on the circumference of chamber at 45 degree intervals in order to observe the soot formation under high pressures and high temperatures. The eight flames converged compress the end gases to a high pressure. The laser schlieren and direct flame photographs for observation field with 10 mm in diameter are taken to examine into the behaviors of flame front and gas flow in laminar and turbulent combustion. The soot volume fraction in the chamber center during the final stage of combustion at the highest pressure is measured by the in situ laser extinction technique and simultaneously the corresponding burnt gas temperature by the two-color pyrometry method. It is found that the soot yield of turbulent combustion decreases in comparison with that of laminar combustion because the burnt gas temperature increases with the drop of heat loss.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.391-397
• /
• 2006

The soot yield has been studied by a premixed propane-oxygen-inert gas combustion in a specially designed disk-type constant-volume combustion chamber to investigate the effect of pressure, temperature and turbulence on soot formation. Premixtures are simultaneously ignited by eight spark plugs located on the circumference of chamber at 45 degrees intervals in order to observe the soot formation under high temperature and high pressure. The eight converged flames compress the end gases to a high pressure. The laser schlieren and direct flame photographs with observation area of 10 mm in diameter are taken to examine the behaviors of flame front and gas flow in laminar and turbulent combustion. The soot volume fraction in the chamber center during the final stage of combustion at the highest pressure is measured by the in-situ laser extinction technique and simultaneously the corresponding burnt gas temperature by the two-color pyrometry method. The changes of pressure and temperature during soot formation are controlled by varying the initial charging pressure and the volume fraction of inert gas compositions, respectively. It is found that the soot yield increases with dropping the temperature and raising the pressure at a constant equivalence ratio, and the soot yield in turbulent combustion decreases as compared with that in laminar combustion because the burnt gas temperature increases with the drop of heat loss for laminar combustion.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.17-26
• /
• 2002

The authors have reported significant reductions in particulate emissions of diesel engines by generating strong turbulence during the combustion process. This study aims to identify optimum conditions of turbulent mixing for effective soot reduction during combustion. The experiments were conducted with a constant volume combustion vessel equipped with abet-generating cell, in which a small amount of fuel is injected during the combustion of the main spray. The jet of burned gas from the cell impinges the main flame, causing changes In the mixing of fuel and air. Observation was made for a variety combinations of distances between spray nozzle and Jet orifice at different directions of impingement. It Is shown that compared with the case without Jet flame soot decreases when the jet impinges. When the jet is very close to the flame, it penetrates the soot cloud and causes little mixing. There were no apparent differences in the combustion duration when the direction of impingement was varied, although the mechanisms of soot reduction seemed different. An analysis of local turbulent flews with PIV (Particle image Velocimetry) showed the relationship between the scale of the turbulence and the size of the soot cloud.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2000.11b
• /
• pp.162-167
• /
• 2000

Soot formation and oxidation is closely related to the combustion phenomena inside a diesel engine. Laser-based diagnostics provide a means for improving our understanding of diesel combustion, because they have highly temporal and spatial ability. To understand the soot behavior we did preliminary study by taking flame luminosity photographs and 2-D imaging soot distribution using Laser Elastic Scattering(LIS) and Laser-Induced Incandescence(LII). From the data we found that soot concentration was high in the bowl and disappeared from the central region in the late combustion stage.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2000.12a
• /
• pp.183-193
• /
• 2000

Soot formation and oxidation is closely related to the combustion phenomena inside a diesel engine. Laser-based diagnostics provide a means for improving our understanding of diesel combustion, because they have highly temporal and spatial ability. To understand the soot behavior we did preliminary study by taking flame luminosity photographs and 2-D images of soot distribution using Laser Elastic Scattering(LIS) and Laser-Induced Incandescence(LII). From the data we found that soot concentration was high in the bowl and disappeared from the central region in the late combustion stage and that soot exists in the flame using luminosity, LIS and LII.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.7
• /
• pp.1019-1029
• /
• 2008

In this study, visual investigation of sprays and flames has been performed and soot formation in Diesel and GTL fuels has been compared in a specially designed Rapid Charging Combustion Vessel (RCCV) under various ambient gas $O_2$ concentrations and two injection pressures. It has been concluded that soot in the mixing-controlled combustion of Diesel and GTL fuels has similar tendency to be formed in the leading portion of the jet boundaries. Auto-ignition delay for GTL fuel is shorter than that for diesel fuel. The temporal and special variation of soot concentration in the diesel flame jets at various $O_2$ concentrations was correlated with the heat release rate. Soot concentration appears in the regions when diffusion combustion starts, and its concentration reaches maximum at the peak of heat release curve and then decreases due to oxidation. Visualization by shadowgraph method showed that soot decreases with lower $O_2$ concentration, and higher injection pressure.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.7
• /
• pp.1169-1176
• /
• 2004

Soot has a great effect on the formation of PM (Particulate Matter) in D.I. (Direct Injection) Diesel engines. Soot in diesel flame is formed by incomplete combustion when the fuel atomization and mixture formation were poor. Therefore, the understanding of soot formation in a D.I. diesel engine is mandatory to reduce PM in exhaust gas. To investigate soot formation in diesel combustion, various measurements have been performed with laser diagnostics. In this study, the relative soot diameter and the relative number density in a DJ. engine was measured by using LIS (Laser Induced Scattering) and LII (Laser Induced Incandescence) methods simultaneously which are planar imaging techniques. And a visualization D.I. diesel engine was used to introduce a laser beam into the combustion chamber and investigate the diffusion flame characteristics. To find the optimal condition that reduces soot formation in diesel combustion, various injection timing and the swirl flow in the cylinder using the SCV (Swirl Control Valve) were applied. From this experiment, the effects of injection timing and swirl on soot formation were established. Effective reduction of soot formation is possible through the control of these two factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.31-39
• /
• 1998

The local instantaneous flame temperature and soot concentration in a D. I. diesel engine were measured using a two-color method. The proposed method based on the continuous spectra! radiation from the soot particles in the flame is applicable to industrial Diesel engines without major modifications of their main characteristics because of simplicity and relative ease of application. Measurements were performed at two locations inside the combustion chamber of a D. I. diesel engine. Effects of different engine speeds and loads, fuel injection timings, combustion chamber shapes on flame temperature and KL factor, which is qualitatively proportional to soot concentrations, were examined. Flame temperature change were observed with increasing engine speed and load. The higher the flame temperature is, the lower the KL factor is.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.22-28
• /
• 2001

Recently, many researches have been performed to improve the combustion and emission in a D.I.Diesel engine. Especially reduction of the soot formation in the combustion chamber is the essential to acquire the improvement of the emission performance. This emission of the diesel combustion is effected by the characteristics of air-fuel mixing. Therefore, the optical measurement technique such as LII and LIS were established in order to visualize the distribution of the soot and analyze the particle including spray in the combustion chamber. In this study, we developed the algorithm for calculating relative diameter and density of particle and applied this method to measure stimultaneously the distribution of soot and spray in a D.I. diesel engine. From this experiment we found that the soot is existed in the rich region of spray and generated caused by incapable air fuel mixture.