• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.62
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• pp.9-35
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• 2016

This study examined Songgye Na-sik's(松桂懶湜, 1684~1765) literary world based on Priest Songgye's Anthology(松桂大禪師文集). In consideration of the insufficiencies of the only previous study on Songgye's literature, this study was focused on his ideological character and its historicity, the trend of literary exchange in the Buddhist circle, and the literary geographical aspect of his literature. Priest Songgye was the head of the Bonghwa-sa Temple in Andong during the years under the rule of Kings Sukjong and Yeongjo, and learned from Hwanseong Ji-ahn(喚醒志安, 1664~1729) and Nakam Eui-nul(落巖義訥, 1666~1737). The priest did not have many students under him nor leave numerous writings. In the process of the development of the Buddhist doctrines in the late Joseon Dynasty, however, he completed the scripture learning courses faithfully and laid the ground of his philosophy. In addition, the afterword of Hwaeomgyeongchilcheogupumhoipummok (華嚴經七處九會品目跋) shows that he compiled the book under his teacher's instruction. What is more, he is known to have devoted himself to belief in the Pure Land in his late years. Given these backgrounds, the priest's life, writings, and ideological tendencies pursued all of Zen, Hwaeom, and the Pure Land together, and at the same time, reflected the characteristics of Korean Buddhism in the 18th century. The priest steadily cultivated himself in poetry and established his own literary world, and all the outcomes were fully reflected in his anthology. Priest Songgye walked the road of a learner throughout his lifetime but, on the other hand, he established his identity as a literary man in the specific time and space of Andong, Yeongnam in the late Joseon Dynasty.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.400-406
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• 2006

To investigate the incidence of the road-kill of amphibians and reptiles in Songgye valley, Woraksan National Park, a survey of Songgye valley was conducted from January, 2003 to December, 2005. Before the investigation, the survey area was divided into 50 sites at 300m intervals. As a result, road-kill by vehicles were confirmed to affect 40% of the amphibians and 68.3% of the reptiles among the total species in the Woraksan National Park. The most affected species was Rana dybowskii, with a frequency of 94.9% among the total number of road-killed Individuals. The highest road-kill rate occurred between April to May, every year. Therefore, it is necessary to construct an eco-bridge and to perform the continuous ecological monitoring for the conservation of R. dybowskii including other species.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.291-304
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• 2013

Objective : Jangjinyopyeon(藏珍要編, JJYP) was published in 1894. The purpose of the research is to know the character of JJYP, and to know JJYP inherited the tradition of Chosun(朝鮮) acupuncture which put emphasis on diagnosis and cure of Jangbu(臟腑) through meridian system. Method : First, identify the bibliographic information of the Mimeograph version of Original JJYP. After then, count and classify the provision by selected acupoints. Analyzed the result in succession. Conclusion : From the research of the mimeograph version of Original JJYP, come to following conclusion. 1. The pen name of author is Songgye(松溪), which means the region of his origin. 2. JJYP used 49 acupoints in total. It covers all regular meridian system except the regular Meridian of Hand Soeum[手少陰心經] for heart organ would never be injured in Neijing(內經) 3. JJYP suggested Eight Confluent points[八脈交會穴] as major acupoints in the end of book. But actually they were selected as the acupoints of belonging Jangbu(臟腑) and various symtoms. 4. Oegwan(外關) and Sameumgyo(三陰交) were maximum frequency in selecting of all acupoints, which means JJYP value controling and covering whole body. 5. Generally, Reinforcing and reducing manipulations concentrated one way, but Hugye(後谿) used each manipulation equally, which means JJYP regards tonification or purgation highly in Hugye(後谿). 6. Most acupoints of high frequency were Nak-point[絡穴], Won-point[原穴], Hap-point[合穴], which supposed to be directly connected to Jangbu(臟腑). So, we can see JJYP continue the tradition of Chosun acupuncture which put emphasis on Jang image[藏象] of meridian.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.328-333
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• 2006

This study was conducted to find the characteristics of photosynthesis, leaf and fruit by crown layers in Rubus coreanus Miq. Light compensation points were shown PPFD 33, 20 and $5{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;S^{-1}$ at upper, middle and lower layer, respectively. Light saturation points were appeared PPFD 1000, 500 and 200 and their net photosynthesis rate were 8.52, 5.25 and $3.60{\mu}mol\;CO_2\;m^{-2}S^{-1}$ at upper, middle and lower layer, respectively. Uiryeong 7 which was viny type showed higher net photosynthetic rate than others at upper layer. Songgye 6 which was upright type showed lower net photosynthetic rate than others at lower layer. Chlorophyll contents of middle layer had the highest value in the all layers and upper layer showed the lowest value. Most characteristics of leaf morphology were showed that middle and lower layer had higher value than upper layer. That trend was contrary to characteristics of photosynthesis by crown layers. However, dry weight per leaf area and most characteristics of fruit had the highest value at upper layer and that was similar to characteristics of photosynthesis by crown layers. Also, sugar contents of fruit showed the highest value at middle layer.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.561-570
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• 2013

Organic carbon distribution and carbon budget of a Pinus densiflora forest in the Songgye valley of Mt. Worak National Park were investigated. Carbon in above and below ground standing biomass, litter layer, and soil organic carbon were measured from May 2011 through April 2012. For the estimation of carbon budget, soil respiration was measured. The amount of carbon allocated to above and below ground biomass was 52.25 and 14.52 ton C $ha^{-1}$. Amount of organic carbon in annual litterfall was 4.71 ton C $ha^{-1}$. Amount of organic carbon within 50cm soil depth was 58.56 ton C $ha^{-1}$ 50cm-$depth^{-1}$. Total amount of organic carbon in this Pinus densiflora forest was estimated to 130.04 ton C $ha^{-1}$. Amount of organic carbon in tree layer, shrub and herb layer was 4.12, 0.10 and 0.04 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ and total amount of organic carbon was 4.26 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. Amount of organic carbon returned to the forest via litterfall was 1.62 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. The amount of carbon evolved through soil respiration was 6.25 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. The amount of carbon evolved through microbial respiration and root respiration was 3.19 and 3.06 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. The amount of organic carbon absorbed from the atmosphere of this Pinus densiflora forest was 1.07 ton C $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ when it was estimated from the difference between Net Primary Production and microbial respiration.