• 복식
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.129-144
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• 2002

Kyung(경, 경의), Which is Wedding ceremonial head dress, Veil. Ancient China, When dynasty is changing, wedding head dress form is different. Old china, Kyung(경) was sleeves attached dress form. But, after Dang(당) and Song(송) Dynasty changed square formed clothes, which is put on from head to the shoulder, and another is sleeves attached dress form. Ancient Korea have been face covered clothes. Myunuei(면의). from Buyo(부여) to the south Silla(남국신라) Dynasty. Koryo(고려) dynasty. likeness of the Song Dynasty square formed head wear, Mongsu(몽수), and Kedu(개두). When Chosun(조선) Dynasty, Kyunguei(경의), which was square formed 12 chuk size head wear of the blue colored veil. When King and Queen finished wedding ceremony in the another palace, Queen following the King, so to the palace. who put on the wedding veil, Kyungui(경의) , in the papanquin. and take out of the veil by another mother. before the hapkun(합근) ceremony. also Chosun dynasty has been another Queen's wedding ceremonial veil 'myunui (면의)'. It has been put on the head dress with ceremonial dress Juckui(적의) . And, take out of the veil by another mother, before the hapkun(합근) ceremony. also. common people has been put on the head dress with ceremonial dress Youmui(염의). And. take out of the veil by another mother. before the hapkun(합근) ceremony. also common people has been put on the Mongsuui(몽수의,장의). head dress with ceremonial dress round neck dress. And, take out of the veil by another mother, before the hapkun(합근) ceremony.

• 복식
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• 제56권8호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2006

This study is to examine the Hyangnag used in China. Results of the study can be described as below. 1. Hyangnang was also called Hyangdae, Hyanghapo, Hunnang and Chunnang. Perfumes were used to make the body and clothes diffuse a good fragrance. And Perfumes were used to prevent insects and remove related pollutions. It was possible to prevent insects when perfumes were burnt out. 2. In the Han, Song, Yao and Win periods, Hyangnang had Cylinderical, Rectangular, Cylinderical and Rectangular, Circular and Calabach types. These various types were developed into one, Norigae type, in the period of Ching. 3. Hyangnang were decorated mainly with embroideries, knots and seams. Embroideries were applied always onto the surface of Hyangnang. Knots were used mainly in the Song and Win periods, decorative seams were used mainly in the Ching. 4. From the Han to Yao periods, Hyangnang was made of perforate textiles like na and Sa for practical reasons, making perfume smells more easily diffused. From the Win to Ching periods, Hyangang was made of dense textiles like silk and Dan, which could be easily embroidered for decoration purposes. 5. Hyangnang was often hanged down from the waistband and up onto the fore chest or the elbow, or put into the liner of the sleeve. 6. Hyangnang has immanent implications of symbolism, ideology and aristocraticism.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권22호
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• pp.10021-10025
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• 2014

Background: The study aimed to describe the age distribution of breast cancer diagnosis among Chinese females for comparison with the United States and the European Union, and provide evidence for the screening target population in China. Materials and Methods: Median age was estimated from hospital databases from 7 tertiary hospitals in China. Population-based data in China, United States and European Union was extracted from the National Central Cancer Registry, SEER program and GLOBOCAN 2008, respectively. Age-standardized distribution of breast cancer at diagnosis in the 3 areas was estimated based on the World Standard Population 2000. Results: The median age of breast cancer at diagnosis was around 50 in China, nearly 10 years earlier than United States and European Union. The diagnosis age in China did not vary between subgroups of calendar year, region and pathological characteristics. With adjustment for population structure, median age of breast cancer at diagnosis was 50~54 in China, but 55~59 in United States and European Union. Conclusions: The median diagnosis age of female breast cancer is much earlier in China than in the United States and the European Union pointing to racial differences in genetics and lifestyle. Screening programs should start at an earlier age for Chinese women and age disparities between Chinese and Western women warrant further studies.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2018

Purpose - Before the economic reforms, the Chinese communication industry was poorly developed. After China's entering to WTO, the Chinese market were gradually opened, domestic companies will be faced with more and more pressures of competition from the world rival countries. As time goes on, the overseas telecommunications companies will occupy the Chinese market with the opening of China Telecommunications market to outside. So this paper focuses on problems and development methods based on the research about the present situation and development methods of communication industry(communication manufacturing industry and communication manufacturing industry) in China. Research design, data, and methodology - This study analyzed the policies of China's entering to WTO. This paper observed previous researches and made an empirical research on Chinese communication industry based on the governmental policies, strategies, books and previous papers with several kinds of clear data announced formally by China authorities. Results - Most recently, reorganization of the communication industry has brought good opportunities for the development of the communication manufacturing enterprises. This paper analyze policy changes of Chinese communication industry, the status of communication manufacturing industry and communication service industry. Finally, this study for further research analyzes the existing problems and puts forward some practicable measures to solve them. Conclusions - Looking ahead, with China's rapid economic development and steady deepening of reform and opening-up, the Chinese communication industry is faced with an even broader prospect of development. Chinese communication industry will be become the pillar one in national economy after 10 years development. Foreign communication companies accelerated investment and progresses to Chinese information and communication markets. Positive ones are more foreign investment, export increase, domestic innovation, communication industry made steep growth. But negative ones are obstacles of domestic companies' development and jobless rate increase etc. Second communication manufacturing industry made good development, but computer and TV related industry made decline in growth. Third, market sizes of internet and mobile services are growing but the size of wired communication services is downsizing gradually. To overcome them, the studies of components or parts of communication manufacturing industry are needed individually. Second China Unicom, China Telecom, China Mobile etc. are Chinese representatives. The sales volumes are very similar at the beginning, but now they are different and make big differences. So the analysis about, their differences and its impact, are needed.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.3-14
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• 2021

중국건설업에서는 BIM (Building Information Modeling)의 활용을 통해 건설업의 비효율적인 상호운용성의 문제를 해결하여 건설업의 총생산액 증가시키고자 한다. 하지만 중국 주건부에서 2011년부터 건설업의 BIM활용을 촉진하였음에도 불구하고 중국에서는 BIM 활용률은 45% 미만인 것으로 나타났다. 한편 한국 건설업은 중국보다 먼저 BIM 도입을 하여 활용하고 있는 만큼, BIM 활용수준과 BIM 수용의지가 중국보다 높을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 한국과 중국의 BIM수용영향요인 비교분석을 통해 중국의 BIM 활용률을 향상시킬 수 있는 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 한국과 중국의 BIM수용영향요인 비교분석을 위해 기술수용이론(Technology Acceptance Model; TAM)과 BIM 수용모델 관련 선행연구고찰을 통해 BIM 수용영향요인을 분류하고, 중국의 국가적 특성과 중국건설업만이 가진 특성을 반영한 BIM 수용영향요인을 추가하여 실제 BIM 사용자인 한국과 중국 건설사업 참여주체(시공사, 설계사, CM)를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 통계값을 유의미한 차이를 알아보기 위해 SPSS 22.00을 활용하여 t-test 실시하였다. 마지막으로 t-test 결과를 기반으로 중국의 BIM 활용률을 향상시킬 수 있는 개선방안을 제안하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 중국 건설업에 적합한 BIM 활용 활성화 방향을 제시하고, 중국 건설업의 BIM 활용 활성화 연구의 이론적 기초를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.47-66
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• 2018

본 연구는 본 연구는 최근 발생하고 있는 미국과 중국 간의 무역 분쟁이 가져다주는 경제적 효과를 분석한다. (i) 미국이 중국에 관세를 일방적으로 부과하는 경우, (ii) 미국과 중국이 쌍방으로 관세를 부과하는 경우, (iii) 미국이 보호무역주의를 확대하여 한국, 일본, EU의 특정 산업(자동차 및 철강)에 보호무역 관세를 추가 부과하는 경우를 CGE모형을 이용하여 각 국의 거시경제변수 및 산업별 수출입 변화를 추정한다. 연구결과에 따르면, 미국과 중국의 무역 전쟁이 발생할 경우 양국의 GDP 및 후생은 모두 감소한다. 그 중에서도 미국보다 중국의 감소폭이 더 크게 나타나, 무역전쟁은 미국보다 중국에게 더 불리한 것으로 평가된다. 무역전쟁의 기간이 길어질수록, 중국의 GDP 및 후생의 감소폭은 더 확대되는 것으로 나타난다. 산업별 분석의 결과에 따르면, 전자산업, 수송기기산업 및 금속산업의 세계 교역량이 크게 감소한다. 무역 분쟁 당사국의 교역량이 크게 감소하는 반면 제3국의 교역량은 크게 변동하지 않아, 결국 무역 분쟁은 부정적 효과는 두 국가에게 돌아가는 것으로 평가된다. 무역 분쟁 밖에 있는 국가들의 GDP와 후생은 오히려 소폭 증가하는 것으로 나타난다. 마지막으로, 미국이 보호무역주의를 한국, 일본, EU로 확대한 경우, 양국의 GDP 및 후생의 감소폭이 더 크게 나타나, 미국이 보호무역 정책을 확대하는 것은 자국 경제에 바람직하지 않은 결과를 초래한다. 따라서 한국은 보호주의 정책의 부당성과 한국 산업의 피해를 강조하는 것에 우선하여 미국의 중국규제의 정당성 측면에 동조하면서 미국 보호주의 정책에서 벗어나는 전략수립이 필요하다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.655-665
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to find out the Korean fashion brand purchasing behavior of Chinese woman college students who would be the one of major customers in Chinese market along with their preferences of Korean wave and fashion leadership. The data was collected from 379 Chinese female college students on Qingdao, China. The results based on the data analysis were as follows. 1. The students's preferences for Korean wave about Korean drama, popular song, films were relatively high. 2. Chinese female college students's evaluation of Korean fashion brand was high, especially, for the fashion trend, design/style, color, cutting and sewing, fitting, and material. However, they valued that its price was expensive. 3. The fashion leadership was classified as fashion innovation or fashion opinion leadership. 9.0% of the respondents were fashion dual leaders who were fashion innovator and fashion opinion leader. 4. The higher family income of the respondents was the better fashion leadership, preferences for Korean wave, perceived quality and attitude toward Korean fashion brand. The results showed that promotion strategy focused on keeping the Korean wave through drama, films, and popular song. And the development of high fashion brand and the word of mouth marketing through fashion dual leader were also needed in order to make inroads into China market.

• 천문학회보
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.52.1-52.1
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• 2012

It is often said that there is little geometrical mind in Korean history. However, a method to project the surface of a sphere onto 2-dimensional plain was applied to the representative Korean star chart or Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido (天象列次分野之圖). The method, called the equi-distant polar projection, was explained in detail in ancient Chinese history book of the Tang dynasty, which was originated from older history. Another method of the Mercator projection was introduced by the famous engineer Su Song (蘇頌) of the Song dynasty. The description has quite geometrical thoughts, especially the concept of infinity or convergence appears, However, this type of sky projection method was not widely used in east Asia. When the European Jesuits came to China to evangelize the Chinese people, they found that the Chinese people paid much attention to advanced European astronomical knowledge. Thus, they introduced the European astronomical knowledges into China, and the star chart was one of them. The projection method of the new charts were quite different from the Chinese tradition. When the Koreans brought those new star chart from China, they must have known the geometrical description of the method. The method was described in detail in a volume of Chongzhen Lishi (崇禎曆書) or Xiyang Xinfa Lishu (西洋新法曆書). The explanation consists of three part. One is the quantitative way; another is a geometrical way using axiomatic systems; and the other is the practical method to draw star chart with the geometical projection. However, when we see the Honcheon Jeondo (渾天全圖) that is thought to be duplicated by Kim Jeongho (金正浩), the new geometrical method was not so widely known to the Koreans. I will discuss the reason why the geometrical minds have not been widely adopted in the Korean civilization.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2019

Crack instability propagation during coal and rock mass failure is the main reason for electromagnetic radiation (EMR) generation. However, original cracks on coal and rock mass are hard to study, making it complex to reveal EMR laws and mechanisms. In this paper, we prefabricated cracks of different inclinations in coal and rock samples as the analogues of the native cracks, carried out uniaxial compression experiments using these coal and rock samples, explored, the effects of the prefabricated cracks on EMR laws, and verified these laws by measuring the surface potential signals. The results show that prefabricated cracks are the main factor leading to the failure of coal and rock samples. When the inclination between the prefabricated crack and axial stress is smaller, the wing cracks occur first from the two tips of the prefabricated crack and expand to shear cracks or coplanar secondary cracks whose advance directions are coplanar or nearly coplanar with the prefabricated crack's direction. The sample failure is mainly due to the composited tensile and shear destructions of the wing cracks. When the inclination becomes bigger, the wing cracks appear at the early stage, extend to the direction of the maximum principal stress, and eventually run through both ends of the sample, resulting in the sample's tensile failure. The effect of prefabricated cracks of different inclinations on electromagnetic (EM) signals is different. For samples with prefabricated cracks of smaller inclination, EMR is mainly generated due to the variable motion of free charges generated due to crushing, friction, and slippage between the crack walls. For samples with larger inclination, EMR is generated due to friction and slippage in between the crack walls as well as the charge separation caused by tensile extension at the cracks' tips before sample failure. These conclusions are further verified by the surface potential distribution during the loading process.

• 공연문화연구
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• 제23호
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• pp.105-158
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• 2011

조선 인조대에 경기(京妓)가 폐지된 이후 생긴 향기(鄕妓)의 선상제도(選上制度)로 인하여 지방에서 공연되어 지던 교방정재(敎坊呈才)가 궁중으로 유입되어 궁중정재로 채택, 궁중연향에서 연행되었는데 그 대표적인 종목 중 하나가 선유락(船遊樂)이다. 선유락은 정조19년(1795) 『원행을묘정리의궤(園行乙卯整理儀軌)』에 최초로 기록된 이후 조선후기 궁중연향기록인 각종 의궤의 정재종목으로 빠짐없이 등장한다. 궁중정재 선유락을 담당한 여기(女妓)들이 당시 평안도 의주, 안주, 성천 등지에서 올라온 선상기(選上妓)들이었음을 고려할 때 이들에 의해 관서지방의 교방정재인 배따라기가 궁중으로 유입되고 궁중 정재 선유락으로 정착되었음을 추정할 수 있다. 궁중정재 선유락의 형성에 영향을 준 관서지방 교방정재인 배따라기는 명·청교체기후금이 요동지역을 장악하자 명나라 사행(使行)을 바닷길로 갈 수 밖에 없었던 수로조천(水路朝天) 당시의 일을 바탕으로 하여 교방의 기녀들에 의해 공연물로 탄생되었다. 관서지방은 중국으로 사행을 떠나는 사신들이 거쳐 가야 하는 지리적 특성 때문에 사신들을 위한 연향이 많았고 중국으로 떠나는 사신들을 위한 전별연(餞別宴)에 교방청 기녀들에 의해 험난한 사행길을 떠나야 하는 이별의 애끊은 아픔과 사신들의 무사귀환을 축원하며 배따라기가 연행되었다. 관서지방 배따라기 관련 많은 문헌에서 교방정재 배따라기가 수로조천 당시 배가 떠나가는 (船離) 이별의 아픔을 처절한 성조(聲調)와 행위로 공연작품속에 담아내고 있다고 기록하고 있다. 기록을 토대로 살펴본 관서지방 배따라기는 무구로 사용되는 그림배(畵船)가 등장하고, 동기 한 쌍을 뽑아 군사인 소교(小嬌)로 분장시킨 후 군례를 올리고, 행군을 의미하는 고취악을 연주, 행선 전 부르는 노래와 음악반주, 행선의 모습을 극적(劇的)으로 표현, 무사귀환을 축원하는 이별가(배 떠나는 노래)를 부르는 형식으로 공연을 구성하고 있다. 명·청 교체기 수로로 사행을 떠나는 사신을 이별하며 바닷가에서 배를 떠나보내며 벌어진 실제 상황을 이렇듯 악·가·무와 극적인 요소를 결합하여 공연물로 탄생시켰음을 알 수 있다. 이렇게 탄생된 관서지방의 교방정재 배따라기는 중국으로 가는 사신들을 위한 각종 연향에서 공연되어졌고 선상기들의 활동에 의해 궁중정재 선유락의 형성에 영향을 미쳤고, 궁중연향을 마친 선상기들의 귀향(歸鄕)으로 인해 다른 지방에도 유사한 형태의 공연물(『교방가요(敎坊歌謠)』 소재 「선악(船樂)」, 『이재난고(頤齋亂藁)』 소재 「행선곡무(行船曲舞)」)로 정착되어 지방의 연향에서 그 지방의 특색을 담아 서로 다른 절차로 공연되어졌다.