• Title/Summary/Keyword: Somatic pain

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Experience with Spinal Cord Stimulation for Treating Intractable Penile Pain after Partial Neurectomy of the Dorsal Penile Nerve (음부배부신경절제술 후 발생한 만성 음경부 신경병증성 통증 환자에서의 척수신경자극술의 치료 효과 경험)

  • Kim, Na Hyun;Han, Kyung Ream;Park, Kyung Eun;Kim, Nan Seol;Kim, Chan;Kim, Sae Young
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.107-111
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    • 2009
  • Neuroablation should be performed cautiously because neuropathic pain can occur following denervation of a somatic nerve. A 34-year-old man presented with severe penile pain and allodynia following a selective neurectomy of the sensory nerve that innervated the glans penis for treatment of his premature ejaculation. He was treated with various nerve blocks, including continuous epidural infusion, lumbar sympathetic block and sacral selective transforaminal epidural blocks, as well as intravenous ketamine therapy. However, all of the treatments had little effect on the relief of his pain. We performed spinal cord stimulation as the next therapy. After this therapy, the patient has currently been satisfied for 3 months.

Difference of Somatic Symptoms between Anxiety Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder and Their Domainal Association with Suicidal Idealization, Plan and Attempts (불안 장애와 주요우울장애에서 나타나는 신체 증상과 증상군에 따른 자살 사고, 계획, 행동과의 관계 고찰)

  • Ahn, Jun Seok;Kim, Eun young;Cho, Maeng Je;Hong, Jin Pyo;Hahm, Bong-Jin;Chung, In-Won;Ahn, Joon-Ho;Jeon, Hong Jin;Seong, Su Jeong;Lee, Dong-Woo
    • Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.174-183
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    • 2016
  • Objectives : The aim of this study is to evaluate difference of somatic symptoms of anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder and domainal association with suicidal idealization, plan, and attempts. Methods : A total of 359 adults diagnosed with major depressive disorder and anxiety disorder of last one year participated. Participants interviewed with certain sections of Korean version of Composite International Diagnostic interview of CIDI. Sections of interests includes questionnaires regarding somatic symptoms and suicidal idea, plan and attempts of last one year. Results : Chest pain shows more prevalence in major depressive disorder. Symptoms of Headache and loose stool are more prevalent in anxiety disorder. Difficulty in equilibrium and fainting spells are more common somatic complaints of co-diagnosis states of anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. Comparing 3 domains of pain symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms and pseudo-neurological symptoms, pain symptom domains, gastrointestinal symptoms domain shows significant statistic difference between diagnosis. Average somatic symptom numbers of each symptom domains increase through suicidal idealization, plan and attempt, accordingly. Conclusions : Our finding shows some of somatic symptoms are more prevalent at certain diagnosis. Since increasing numbers of somatic complaints of each symptom domains goes with the suicidal idealization to suicidal attempts, proper psychiatric evaluation and consultations are crucial for patients with numerous somatic complaints in non-psychiatric clinical settings.

A Case of the Shoulder-Hand Syndrome Caused by a Crush Injury of the Shoulder (견관절부 외상후 발생된 Shoulder-Hand Syndrome)

  • Jeon, Jae-Soo;Lee, Sung-Keun;Song, Hoo-Bin;Kim, Sun-Jong;Park, Wook;Kim, Sung-Yell
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.155-166
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    • 1989
  • Bonica defined, that reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) may develop pain, vasomotor abnoramalities, delayed functional recovery, and dystrophic changes on an affected area without major neurologic injury following trauma, surgery or one of several diseased states. This 45 year old male patient had been crushed on his left shoulder by a heavily laden rear car, during his job street cleaning about 10 years ago (1978). At first the pain was localizea only to the site of injury, but with time, it spreaded from the shoulder to the elbow and hand, with swelling. X-ray studies in the local clinic, showed no bone abnormalities of the affected site. During about 10 years following the injury, the had recieved several types of treatments such as nonsteroidal analgesics, steroid injections into the glenoidal cavity (10 times), physical therapy, some oriental herb medicines, and acupuncture over a period of 1~3 months annually. His shoulder pain and it's joint dysfunction persisted with recurrent paroxysmal aggrevation because of being mismanaged or neglected for a sufficiently long period these fore permiting progression of the sympathetic imbalance. On July 14 1988 when he visited our clinic. He complained of burning, aching and had a hyperpathic response or hyperesthesia in touch from the shoulder girdle to the elbow and the hand. Also the skin of the affected area was pale, cold, and there was much sweating of the axilla and palm, but no edema. The shoulder girdle was unable to move due to joint pain with marked weakness. We confirmed skin temperatures $5^{\circ}C$ lower than those of the unaffected axilla, elbow and palm of his hand, and his nails were slightly ridged with lateral arching and some were brittle. On X-ray findings of both the shoulder AP & lateral view, the left humerus and joint area showed diffuse post-traumatic osteoporosis and fibrous ankylozing with an osteoarthritis-like appearance. For evaluating the RSD and it's relief of pain, the left cervical sympathetic ganglion was blocked by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 5 ml with normal saline 5 ml (=SGB). After 15 minutes following the SGB, the clinical efficacy of the block by the patients subjective score of pain intensity (=PSSPI), showed a 50% reduction of his shoulder and arm pain, which was burning in quality, and a hyperpathic response against palpation by the examiner. The skin temperatures of the axilla and palm rose to $4{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ more than those before the SGB. He felt that his left face and upper extremity became warmer than before the SGB, and that he had reduced sweating on his axilla and his palm. Horner's sign was also observed on his face and eyes. But his deep shoulder joint pain was not improved. For the control of the remaining shoulder joint pain, after 45 minutes following the SGB, a somatic sensory block was performed by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 6 ml mixed with salmon calcitonin, $Tridol^{(R)}$, $Polydyn^{(R)}$ and triamcinolone into the fossa of the acromioclavicular joint region. The clinical effect of the somatic block showed an 80% releif of the deep joint pain by the PSSPI of the joint motion. Both blocks, as the above mentioned, were repeated a total of 28 times respectively, during 6 months, except the steroid was used just 3 times from the start. For maintaining the relieved pain level whilst using both blocks, we prescribed a low dose of clonazepam, prazocin, $Etravil^{(R)}$, codeine, etodolac micronized and antacids over 6 months. The result of the treatments were as follows; 1) The burning, aching and hyperpathic condition which accompanied with vaosmotor and pseudomotor dysfunction, disappeared gradually to almost nothing, within 3 weeks from the starting of the blocks every other day. 2) The joint disability of the affected area was improved little by little within 6 months. 3) The post-traumatic osteoporosis, fibrous ankylosis and marginal sclerosis with a narrowed joint, showed not much improvement on the X-ray findings (on April 25, 1989) 10 months later in the follow-up. 4) Now he has returned to his job as a street cleaner.

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Blockade of the Ganglion Impar for the Management of Intractable Coccygodynia (미골통 환자에서 시행한 외톨이(Impar) 교감신경절 차단 -증례 보고-)

  • Kim, Bu-Won;Shin, Jin-Woo;Song, Myung-Hee;Park, Eun-Kyung;Lee, Cheong;Suh, Byung-Te
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.223-225
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    • 1996
  • Pain arising from disorders of the viscera and somatic structures within the pelvis and perineum is a frequent cause of discomfort and disability, especially among women. Recently, blockade of the ganglion impar(ganglion of Walther) has been introduced as an alternative means of managing intractable perineal pain of sympathetic origin. The first report of interruption of the ganglion impar for relief of perineal pain appeared in 1990. We successfully treated a patient who had suffered from intermittent severe coccygodynia with ganglion impar block.

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The Effect of Ganglion Impar Block for Neoplastic Perineal Pain with Coccygeal Fracture -A case report- (미골골절이 있는 암성 회음부통증 환자에 시행한 외톨이 교감신경절 차단 -증례 보고-)

  • Lee, Sung-Keun;Cha, Young-Deog;Suk, Min-Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.250-253
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    • 1997
  • The perineum is comprised of diverse anatomic structures with mixed sympathetic and somatic innervation. The coccyx is innervated by the coccygeal nerves and branches of the fifth sacral root. Recently, ganglion impar block has been introduced as an alternative means of managing intractable pain of sympathetic origin, coccygodynia by trauma, tenesmus and perineal hyperhydrosis. We managed a 59-year-old female patient who had suffered from perineal pain by metastasis of cervical cancer. Approach to impar ganglion through the anococcygeal ligament was impossible because her coccyx was hyperflexed anteriorly by old fracture. But we could perform ganglion impar block successfully by approach through the separation of sacrum and coccyx.

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Ganglion Impar Block With Botulinum Toxin Type A for Chronic Perineal Pain -A Case Report-

  • Lim, Su-Jin;Park, Hue-Jung;Lee, Sang-Hoon;Moon, Dong-Eon
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.65-69
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    • 2010
  • Chronic perineal pain is an often encountered problem, which produces a great degree of functional impairment and frustration to the patient and a challenge to the treating physician. The reason for this problem is that the region contains diverse anatomic structures with mixed somatic, visceral and autonomic innervations affecting bladder and bowel control and sexual function. A blockade of nociceptive and sympathetic supply to the perineal region, supplied through the ganglion impar has been shown to benefit patients with chronic perineal pain. Several options to this block have been described that chemical neurolysis, radiofrequency ablation etc. Although the analgesic effect of Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) has long been considered secondary to its action for muscle relaxation, BoNT-A also affects the release of the neurotransmitters that are involved in pain perception. We describe a patient who was successfully given ganglion impar block with BoNT-A.

Alexithymia and Pressure Pain Threshold in Patients with Somatoform Disorder who have Pain (동통을 가진 신체형장애 환자에서 감정표현능력과 압통역치)

  • Song, Ji-Young;Kim, Tae-Soo;Oh, Dong-Jae;Yoon, Doh-Joon;Yum, Tae-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.69-79
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    • 1994
  • The authors investigated the relationship between the response to the external stimulation and ability of verbal behavior in the patients with somatoform disorder who have pain. The subjects consisted of 34 patients(male 10, female 24) and 37 normal controls(male 19, female 18). Pressure pain thesholds were measured by algometer and alexithymia was assessed by Toronto Alexithymia Scale(TAS). Somatization Scale of SCL-90R and Parental Bonding Instrument were also used. It was shown that 82.4% of the patients had chronic somatic complaints. The mean values of TAS, degree of somatic symptoms and pressure pain thresholds were significantly higher in the patient group than in the normal controls. 44.1% of the patients was considered alexithymia group and there was no correlation between scores of alexithymia and value of pressure pain thresholds. In conclusion, the patients with somatoform disorder who had pain were dull in pain perception to external physical stimulation. This result suggested that their low perception of pain could be closely related with chronicity of illness. And the Poverty of verbal expression of inner emotion was suggested to be one of the factors affecting somatization and difficulty in psychotherapy.

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Pharmacotherapy for Patients Complaining With Somatic Symptoms (신체증상을 호소하는 환자의 약물치료)

  • Lee, Kyung-Kyu
    • Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.95-101
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    • 2021
  • Patients complaining with somatic symptoms are very common in clinical practice, and are often consulted to medical department. But it is difficult to treat well. The treatment of somatic symptom disorder is multi-modal as none of the methods on their own provide a satisfactory outcome. The treatment of somatic symptoms disorders is complicated by lack of boundary, conceptual clarity, and overemphasis on psychosocial causation and effectiveness of psychological treatments. In clinical practice all classes of psychotropics are used to treat somatic symptoms disorder. Drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin reuptake inibitors(SSRI), serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), atypical antipsychotics are studied. The evidence indicates that these drugs are effective in somatic symptom disorders. All classes of antidepressants seem to be effective against somatic symptom disorders. SSRIs are more effective against hypochondriasis and body dysmorphic disorder, and SNRIs appear to be more effective than other antidepressants when pain is predominant. The author suggest that psychiatrists should know how to treat patients complaining with somatic symptoms by using not only psychotherapeutic approach but also pharmacological treatment. It will be helpful to reduce suffering and increase quality of life of these patients.

Effects of TENS & Auricular of Somatic on Experimental Pain Threshold (외이경혈자극과 경피신경전기자극이 체성감각에 미치는 영향)

  • Cheon, Jin-Sung;Kim, Kyung-Hee;Kim, Seo-Hee;Kim, Ji-Hye
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.39-49
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    • 2004
  • The purpose of this study were to examine the effect of high intensity, low frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at auricular acupuncture points on experimental pain threshold measured at the wrist and to determine the changes in effect over time. Forty-two healthy adult men and women were assigned randomly to one of three treatment groups. Group 1(n=15) received TENS to appropriate auricular points for wrist, Group 2(n=12) received TENS to wrist, and Group 3(n=15) received no TENS. We measured experimental pain threshold at the wrist after an electrical stimulus during one pre-treatment and three post-treatment time periods. Group 1 and 2 showed stastically significant increase(p<0.05) in pain threshold after treatment whereas the Group 3 did not. Group 1 showed a significant increase in pain threshold than Group 2. These results suggest that high intensity, low frequency TENS applied to appropriate auricular acupuncture points can increase pain threshold.

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All about pain pharmacology: what pain physicians should know

  • Kim, Kyung-Hoon;Seo, Hyo-Jung;Abdi, Salahadin;Huh, Billy
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.108-120
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    • 2020
  • From the perspective of the definition of pain, pain can be divided into emotional and sensory components, which originate from potential and actual tissue damage, respectively. The pharmacologic treatment of the emotional pain component includes antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. The anti-anxiety drugs have anti-anxious, sedative, and somnolent effects. The antipsychotics are effective in patients with positive symptoms of psychosis. On the other hand, the sensory pain component can be divided into nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids are usually applied for somatic and visceral nociceptive pain, respectively; anticonvulsants and antidepressants are administered for the treatment of neuropathic pain with positive and negative symptoms, respectively. The NSAIDs, which inhibit the cyclo-oxygenase pathway, exhibit anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects; however, they have a therapeutic ceiling. The adverse reactions (ADRs) of the NSAIDs include gastrointestinal problems, generalized edema, and increased bleeding tendency. The opioids, which bind to the opioid receptors, present an analgesic effect only, without anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, or ceiling effects. The ADRs of the opioids start from itching and nausea/vomiting to cardiovascular and respiratory depression, as well as constipation. The anticonvulsants include carbamazepine, related to sodium channel blockade, and gabapentin and pregabalin, related to calcium blockade. The antidepressants show their analgesic actions mainly through inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin or norepinephrine. Most drugs, except NSAIDs, need an updose titration period. The principle of polypharmacy for analgesia in case of mixed components of pain is increasing therapeutic effects while reducing ADRs, based on the origin of the pain.