• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.195-204
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• 2004

This paper describes possible mechanism of the somatic referred pain. The study of somatic referred pain mechanism is necessary because many patients suffer from several types of muscle pain. This review compares the somatic referred pain with MPS(myofacial pain syndrome). There are similarities between these two pain mechanisms. But the therapeutics of somatic referred pain is yet remain fully unknown. Therefore this review consider origin of variable referred pain. Also it is recommendable to study referred pain mechanism in terms with oriental medical pain concept.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2016

Objective : Emotional state and emotion regulation strategies are considered to be important factors influencing the pattern and severity of somatic pain. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between cognitive emotional regulation strategies and somatic pain in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Methods : A total of 140 outpatients, diagnosed with depression and/or anxiety disorders according to DSM-IV-TR, were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for somatic pain. Pearson correlations and independent t-tests were performed to analyze the relationship between somatic pain, the severity of depression and/or anxiety and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Results : The severity of pain was significantly correlated with depressive symptoms, but not with anxiety. Patients with somatic pain tend to use maladaptive cognitive emotion regulating strategies more frequently, especially rumination and catastrophizing. Conclusion : These findings suggest that somatic pain correlates with maladaptive cognitive emotional regulating strategies. Interventions which modulate these non-productive strategies, especially rumination and catastrophizing, would be a new approach for managing patients with depressive and/or anxiety disorders who are suffering from somatic pain.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 1997

Objects: This study aimed to evaluate the role of somatic delusion on the pain perception in patients with schizophrenia. It was hypothesized that pressure pain thresholds would be rather higher in schizophrenic patients who had somatic delusion than patients with other delusion. Methods The subjects were consisted of 3 groups, 23 men with schizophrenia who had somatic delusion, 25 men with schizophrenia who had other delusion, and 22 normal healthy controls. By using Algometer, pressure pain thresholds were examined to subjects on three non-tender sites with 6 weeks interval. The severity of delusion was evaluated in both patient groups. Statistically, Chi-square test, One-way ANOVA, Multivariate ANOVA, and Scheffe's test were used. Results : 1) There was significant difference between somatic and other delusion groups and normal control group at initial stage. 6 weeks later even when severity of delusion was thought to be ameliorated, this finding were sustained. 2) The severity of the components of delusion, conviction and preoccupation, were significantly decreased in both somatic delusion group and other delusion group according to the time interval. The decrements of the severity of delusion seems to be related with changes in pressure pain thresholds in both patient groups. Conclusions : We re-confirmed that both schizophrenic patient groups showed higher pressure pain thresholds compared to normal healthy control. However we failed to find the role of somatic delusion on pain perception in schizophrenia. Delusion, including somatic delusion, as a whole, seems to affect the increased level of pressure pain threshold due to attention deficit and decreased motivation in patients with schizophrenia.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.402-411
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to examine differences in chronic pain, pain coping, and depression according to attributions of somatic symptoms among the elderly. Method: Data were collected by self-report questionnaires from 195 persons age 65 or over. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Scheffe's test were used to analyze the data. Results: There were statistically significant differences in chronic pain among the elders according to educational level and duration of pain, and in passive coping according to gender, physical function and duration of pain. There were statistically significant differences among the elders in active coping according to amount of spending money, in depression according to age, educational level, amount of spending money, and physical function. There also were statistically significant differences in chronic pain, pain coping, and depression according to attributions of somatic symptoms. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that elders who have somatic attributions are incline to complain more severe chronic pain, to cope passively, and to manifest more severe depression than elders who have normalizing attributions. Continuous research is needed to improve effective nursing interventions for attributions of somatic symptoms among elders.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among variables of somatic attribution, chronic pain, depression and chronic fatigue in the elderly. Methods: Empirical data for testing hypothetical models was collected from 311 people over 65 years old in a community settings in Seoul, Korea in June and July, 2000. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and correlational analysis using pc-SAS program. The Linear Structural Modeling(LISREL) 8.0 program was used to find the best fit model which explained causal relationship of variables. Result: According to Accepted model, the relation of variables is that the somatic attribution is the influencing variable to chronic pain and depression and chronic pain and depression is the influencing variable to chronic fatigue. Conclusion: The findings of this study give useful information to construct intervention program relating chronic pain, depression and chronic fatigue for the elderly.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.189-193
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• 1989

The analgesic effects of epidural morphine were evaluated on various types of cancer-related pain in forty-eight adult patients. Epidural morphine injections were given via an epidural catheter introduced to an epidural level corresponding to the pain area. Pain relief was classified as excellent, fair, or poor by subjective scoring and by the subsequent need for systemic analgesics. Thirty-two patients of all the patients became pain-free. In sixteen patients, pain relief was complete only for one or two of various types of pain with a certain dose of epidural morphine, The best result was obtained when the pain was continuous and originated from deep somatic structures. Based on the results, the ranking order of different types of cancer pain with regard to their susceptibility to epidural morphine was as follows: 1) Continuous somatic pain 2) Continuous visceral pain 3) Intermittent somatic pain 4) Intermittent visceral pain The differential effects of epidural morphine on cancer-related pain may suggest that various types of noxious stimuli involve different kinds of opioid receptors which differ in affinity to morphine, and that there are some pain-mediating systems which function independently of opioid mechanisms.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.149-157
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• 2021

This study aims to report the effectiveness of complex Korean medicine (KM) therapy on a somatic symptom disorder (SSD) patient. A 58-year-old woman had severe somatic pain for more than six months and showed accompanying anxiety and depression. KM doctors administered complex KM therapy to control her pain and psychological conditions. Her pain was rated using the numerical rating scale and her anxiety and depression symptoms with beck anxiety inventory and beck depression inventory. The somatic symptoms as well as the anxiety and depression significantly improved after KM treatment. This study suggests that complex KM therapy for SSD may be effective to manage both somatic and psychological symptoms.

• Clinical Pain
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.82-87
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• 2019

Objective: To evaluate which Korean pain descriptors are frequently used in the patients with neuromusculoskeletal diseases and compare the frequency of Korean pain descriptor according to age, gender, pain pattern and intensity, and clinical diagnosis. Method: Two hundreds sixty nine patients with neuromusculoskeletal diseases were enrolled in this study. The patients were asked to fill out a pain questionnaire using Korean. The Korean pain descriptors were collected and classified according to neurophysiological mechanism. The frequency of Korean pain descriptor was analyzed by age, gender, pain pattern and intensity, and clinical diagnosis. They were divided into axial spine and peripheral joint pain group depending on the location of causal disease and shoulder pain descriptors were divided into intra-articular and bursa group. Results: Among 24 Korean pain descriptors, 'arida' was the most common pain descriptor, followed by 'ssusida' and 'jjireunda'. When the pain descriptors were classified according to neurophysiological mechanism, superficial somatic pain was the most common, followed by deep somatic pain. There was a significant difference in the frequency of the pain descriptor between axial spine and peripheral joint pain group (p=0.007). The pain descriptor 'danggida' was used significantly more in the patients with axial spine pain than peripheral joint pain (p=0.024). However, there was no significant difference in other factors. Conclusion: The patients with neuromusculoskeletal diseases expressed their pain using various Korean pain descriptors with stabbing nature and superficial somatic pain. Our results may be helpful to assess and develop a new Korean pain quality measure in the patients with neuromusculoskeletal diseases.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 1983

A reserch scale of 48 items selected from MMPI by McCall et al. was used to compare psychologic aspects of 80 patients with MPDS to control I subjects and control II subjects. For this, study subjects were selected 80 patients of MPDS who visited the Dept. of Dentistry. K.N.U.H., from December in 1982 to September in 1983. Control I subjects were selected 80 outpatients without MPDS who required dental treatment from December in 1982 to September in 1983. And control II subjects were selected 80 persons without MPDS who required no dental treatment and lived in Taegu. The results were as follow : In study subjects,somatic gruop and behavioral group are markedly high than control (I,II)subjects. In somatic group and behavioral group, there was no significant differencd between control I subjects and control II subjects. In somatics group and begavioral group, there was no significant difference between male and female in each subjects: In study subject, general nature somatic category was higher than head, neck, throat and GIT somatic category.(P<0.05) In study subjects, somatic group and behavioral group gradually increased according to increase in number of MPDS symptom.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.238-241
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• 1999

Intractable pain arising from disorders of the viscera and somatic structures within the pelvis and perineum often poses difficult problems for the pain pratitioner. The reason for this difficulty is that the region contains diverse anatomic structures with mixed somatic, visceral, and autonomic innervation affecting bladder and bowel control and sexual function. Clinically, sympathetic pain in the perineum has a distinctly vague, burning, and poorly localized quality and is frequently associated with the sensation of urgency. Although various approaches have been proposed for the management of intractable perineal pain, their efficacy and applications are limited. Historically, neurolytic blockade in this region has been focused mainly on somatic rather than sympathetic components. The efficacy of neurolytic ganglion impar block has been demonstrated in treating perineal pain without significant somatovisceral dysfunctions for patient with advanced cancer in 1990. The introduction of superior hypogastric plexus block in 1990 demonstrated its effectiveness in patients with cancer related pelvic pain. In our report, five patients had advanced cancer (rectal caner 3; cervix cancer 1; metastases to sacral portion of renal cell cancer 1). Localized perineal pain was present in all cases and was characterized as burning and urgent with 9~10/10 pain intensity. After neurolytic block of ganglion impar, patients experiened incomplete pain reduction (7~8/10), as determined by the VAS (visual analogue scale), and change in pain site. We then treated with superior hypogastric plexus block, which produced satisfactory pain relief (to less than 4/10), without complication.