• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.177-181
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• 2007

In the present study, a total of 547 half milk samples were collected from 274 dairy goats to perform somatic cell counts (SCC) and California mastitis test (CMT). Milk smear was stained with Pyronin Y-Methyl Green stain were classified into either epithelial or blood cells, etc. Of the 547 halves the percentage of CMT negative milk samples were 86%. Among these, 58.2% were CMT negative with SCC<500,000/ml, while 27.8% were CMT negative with SCC>500,000 ml. As expected, CMT score increased with the increase of SCC. The number of epithelial cells decreased with the increasing number of somatic cells, while the opposite was observed with the number of blood cells. These results indicate that the critical point in milk quality & CMT should be considered on the false (pseudo-SC) SCC in dairy goat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.751-756
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• 2002

A study was carried out to evaluate the incidences and causes of bovine mastitis in Tanzanian shorthorn zebu (Bos indicus) in the traditional sector and crossbred cows (Bos taurus${\times}$Bos indicus) in the dairy ranching sector, both found under the extensive range management system. Management practices were evaluated through a survey study using structured questionnaires. A total of 120 lactating cows (60 cows from each sector) were screened for the disease using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Confirmatory tests used for infected cows included; the Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (DMSCC), culture, bacteriological and biochemical laboratory assays. Survey results showed that management practices were generally very poor in both sectors with 84% of the surveyed herds being kept and milked under very unhygienic environmental conditions. The level of infection was higher in the crossbred cows (5% clinical and 38.3% sub-clinical mastitis) and lower in the zebu cows with only sub-clinical mastitis (23.3%). Crossbred cows had (p<0.05) higher somatic cell counts than zebu cows. The four highest-ranking bacterial isolates in order of importance were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae and Bacillus spp. It was concluded that bovine mastitis under the extensive management system in Tanzania was a result of poor management practices and that zebu cows were more resistant to the diseases than crossbred cows.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.314-317
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• 2005

The potential therapeutic effect of ozone gas on bovine mastitis was investigated. Eighteen quarters from 18 lactating cows with chronic mastitis were included. The 18 quarters were assigned to the control group (treatment with antibiotics for 3 days), experimental group I (0.1 ppm ozone treatment, for 7 days) and experimental group II (1ppm ozone treatment, for 3days). In experimental group I, milk somatic cell counts were lower on day 7 after ozone treatment, compared to the pretreated counts, but were higher than the control counts. In experimental group II, somatic cell counts were significantly decreased (p<0.05) on day 7 compared to the pretreatment counts, and they were lower than the control counts. There were no changes in leukocyte, neutrophil, or lymphocyte numbers, N/L ratios, N/L ratios, or serum total protein in the control and experimental groups. We concluded that ozone gas treatment(1ppm for 3days) might be effective for treatment of bovine mastitis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.87-103
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• 1991

The somatic cell counts SCC and bacteria counts were done by D milk plant, P milk plant, S milk plant and Inch'${\v{\times}}n$ Vet. Serv. Lab from 1987 to 1990 with Coulter counter, Fossomatic 90, Bactoscan, Rolling ball viscometer and Resazurin reduction test. The results were summarized as follows 1. In the distribution of SCC of the bulk herd milk, D milk plant from Nov. 1989 to Oct. 1990 remarks 80.2% on the range below 500, 000, 14.5% ranging from 1, 000, 000 to 1, 500, 000, 1.2% ranging from 1, 500, 000 to 2, 000, 000, 0.69% ranging from 2, 000, 000 to 3, 000, 000, 0.71% on the range over 3, 000, 000. P milk plant remarks 237, 000 in the first half year and 251, 000 in the second half year in 1990 year. S milk plant remarks annual average of 335, 000 in 1987, 273, 000 in 1988 and 262, 000 in 1989. The individual record of Inch'${\v{\times}}n$ Vet. Serv Lab. remarks 79.35% and 80.2% below 500, 000 8.30% and 7.40% from 500, 000 to 1, 000, 000, 2.37% and 3.2% from 1, 000, 000 to 1, 500, 000, 2.77% and 2.30% from 1, 500, 000 to 2, 000, 000, 1.67% and 2.00% from 2, 000, 000 to 3, 000, 000, 5.53% and 4.40% over 3, 000, 000 in 1989 and 1990, respectively. The grade distirbution of SCC is as follows: D milk plant shows 1st grade-80.20%, 2nd grade-l6.5% and 3rd grade-3.30%. And P milk plant shows all 1st grade. S milk plant shows 87.30%, 8.6% and 4.1% in 1987 and 91.90%, 6.1% and 2.0% in 1988, and 92.40%, 6.1% and l.5% in 1989 on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade respectively. 2. The distribution of bacteria P milk plant reached 15.123 in 1st half year and 21.515 in 2nd half year. Also, S milk plant reached 81.5%, 12.5%, 6.0% in 1987, and 86.20%, 9.70%, 4.1% in 1988, and 86.2%, 10.8%, 3.0% in 1989 respectively for 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade. 3. The regional SCC distribution in D milk plant shows 1, 540, 000 in three regions and 714, 000 in one region. And monthly SCC distribution shows 671, 000 in December and 1, 165, 000 in June. 4. As a result of the individual SCC test, 9 times for 16 cows in “I”farm(1986-1988), and 6 times for 13 cows in“D”farm(1987-1988) No.3, 5, 9, 14 cows in“I”farm showed the high SCC beyond 1, 000, 000 over 4-5times. 5. If the SCC over 300, 000 reach 40%, the national producing quality of milk can be reduced by 87, 600M /I annually and in the sum of money, it should be about 35.5 billion Won. 6. The difference between high group and low group for SCC in D milk plant reached over 1, 000, 000. In case that the difference reaches 1, 000, 000 in the farm bulk milk at a farm breeding 20 cows which produce 20kg milk per day, it was estimate that the annual difference of producing quantity and sum of money respectively should be reached 26, 280kg in milk and 10, 643, 400 Won in income.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.189-192
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• 2001

This study was initiated in an effort to determine the normal mean and variations of the somatic cell count (SCC) in milk of buffaloes as influenced by the milking time, stage of lactation, parity and season. The buffaloes were hand milked at 13 and 11 h. interval during evening and morning respectively. On the day of milk sampling the udders were tested for mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). Only those buffaloes, which were found negative in the CMT, were included in the sampling plan. The mean values for morning and evening were 1.09 (range 0.39-1.76) and $0.97(range\;0.57-2.46){\times}10^5cells/ml$, respectively which did not differ significantly. When data of the morning and evening values was compared on the basis of total cell secretion in milk, even then there was no statistical difference between the morning and the evening values, thereby suggesting that no diurnal variation existed in SCC of milk. Paritywise differences were not significant between the 1st to 5th lactation and above. Similarly stage of lactation effect, when tested at 30 day intervals, did not differ significantly. Significant (p<0.05) correlation coefficients (r) between SCC and milk yield during different stages of lactation and parity suggested that SCC per ml of milk was higher during the later stages of lactation. SCC was higher in primiparous than in multiparous buffaloes. On an average the SCC recorded was $1.0{\times}10^5cells/ml$ of milk irrespective of time of milking, parity and stages of lactation. The SCC was low during cold and hot-dry season but were high during the hot-humid season (p<0.05), the respective values being 0.76, 1.08 and $1.35{\times}10^5cells/ml$. These values were lower than the SCC already reported in cows suggesting less stressful condition of the udder of buffaloes in this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.303-310
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• 2015

The study was conducted to analyze the genetic parameters of somatic cell score (SCS) of Holstein cows, which is an important indicator to udder health. Test-day records of somatic cell counts (SCC) of 305-day lactation design from first to fifth lactations were collected on Holsteins in Korea during 2000 to 2012. Records of animals within 18 to 42 months, 30 to 54 months, 42 to 66 months, 54 to 78 months, and 66 to 90 months of age at the first, second, third, fourth and fifth parities were analyzed, respectively. Somatic cell scores were calculated, and adjusted for lactation production stages by Wilmink's function. Lactation averages of SCS ($LSCS_1$ through $LSCS_5$) were derived by further adjustments of each test-day SCS for five age groups in particular lactations. Two datasets were prepared through restrictions on number of sires/herd and dams/herd, progenies/sire, and number of parities/cow to reduce data size and attain better relationships among animals. All LSCS traits were treated as individual trait and, analyzed through multiple-trait sire models and single trait animal models via VCE 6.0 software package. Herd-year was fitted as a random effect. Age at calving was regressed as a fixed covariate. The mean LSCS of five lactations were between 3.507 and 4.322 that corresponded to a SCC range between 71,000 and 125,000 cells/mL; with coefficient of variation from 28.2% to 29.9%. Heritability estimates from sire models were within the range of 0.10 to 0.16 for all LSCS. Heritability was the highest at lactation 2 from both datasets (0.14/0.16) and lowest at lactation 5 (0.11/0.10) using sire model. Heritabilities from single trait animal model analyses were slightly higher than sire models. Genetic correlations between LSCS traits were strong (0.62 to 0.99). Very strong associations (0.96 to 0.99) were present between successive records of later lactations. Phenotypic correlations were relatively weaker (<0.55). All correlations became weaker at distant lactations. The estimated breeding values (EBVs) of LSCS traits were somewhat similar over the years for a particular lactation, but increased with lactation number increment. The lowest EBV in first lactation indicated that selection for SCS (mastitis resistance) might be better with later lactation records. It is expected that results obtained from these multi-trait lactation model analyses, being the first large scale SCS data analysis in Korea, would create a good starting step for application of advanced statistical tools for future genomic studies focusing on selection for mastitis resistance in Holsteins of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.208-226
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• 1994

From January to December 1993, 3,385 bulk milk samples were collected from 293 herds in Inchon area. Standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC) were performed by the method of milk collection, the situation of raising management and monthly. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1, Annual average SPC and SCC were respectively 638,000 cfu /mm and 647,000 cells /mm. SPC showed an abrupt decrease from January-1,088,000 cfu /mm to December-279,000 cfu /mm, but SCC showed a slow change from January-1,017,000 cells /mm to December -673,000 cells /mm 2. Variation on milk quality(annual average SPC) was shown a wide difference between everyday collection-575,000 cfu /mm and every other day collection-1,243,000 cfu /mm ac-cording to frequency of milk collection from dairy farms. However, there was a little difference In SCC. 3. In the raising scale, average SPC were the lowest in 16~25mi1king cows, and average SCC were the lowest in above 25milking cows. 4. According to types of milking machine, average SPC and SCC of dairy farms that are equipped with pipeline system were respectively 361,000 cfu /mm and 591,000 cells /mm. Those of dairy farms with bucket system were 549,000 cfu /me and 559,000 cells /mm. 5. In the types of management, average SPC an SCC of dairy farms with hired herdsman were 288,000 cfu /mm and 559,000 cells /mm. Those of dairy farms with self-management were 526,000 cfu /mm and 568,000 cells /mm.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.377-384
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• 2002

In this study, to assess the diagnostic value for mastitis in dairy cows, change of acute phase proteins(haptoglobin and serum amyloid A) concentrations in milk and sera of dairy cows were measured. 50 dairy cows were used in this experiment and divided into two groups. The first group was the healthy dairy cow group whose milk contained less than 2.0${\times}$10$\^$5/ somatic cell counts(n=5). The second group was the mastitis-dairy cow group whose milk counted higher than 5.0${\times}$10$\^$5/ somatic cell counts(n=45). The concentration of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk and sera from these two groups were determined by Tridelta range haptoglobin kit and serum amyloid A kit. The concentration of haptoglobin in the milk from first group was undetectable value and that of the second group was 124.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$. And the concentration of haptoglobin in serum of the first group was 32.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ and that of the second group was 214.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$. The concentration of serum amyloid A in the milk from first group was 0.32$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ and that of the second group was 17.7$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$. And the concentration of serum amyloid A in serum of the first group was 5.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ and that of the second group was 25.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$. It was concluded that concentration of haptoglobin and serum amyoid A in milk and serum may be was to discriminate between normal and mastitic milks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1775-1780
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• 2001

The study was undertaken to find out the normal mean and variations in somatic cell count (SCC) of milk in crossbred and indigenous cows as influenced by stage of lactation, parity and season. On day of milk sampling the udders were tested for mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). Only those cows, which were found negative in the CMT, were taken in the study. Paritywise differences in SCC were not significant between the 1st to 6th lactation and above. Similarly, stage of lactation effect, when tested at 30 day intervals, did not differ significantly. However, the seasons significantly (p<0.05) affected SCC count of milk. The SCC was lower during cold ($1.10{\times}10^5cells/ml$) and hot-dry ($1.11{\times}10^5cells/ml$) season then during hot-humid season ($2.14{\times}10^5cells/ml$). On an average SCC recorded were 1.26, 1.31, 1.54 and $1.61{\times}10^5$ cells per ml respectively in Tharparkar, Sahiwal, Karan Swiss and Karan Fries cows irrespective of stage of lactation, parity and season. Further, crossbred Karan Swiss and Karan Fries cows behave similar to the indigenous Tharparkar and Sahiwal cows but are more vulnerable to hot-humid climate then indigenous ones. Significant correlation between the SCC and milk yield during different stages of lactation (1.38 to $1.74{\times}10^5cells/ml$) and parity (1.47 to $1.63{\times}10^5cells/ml$) suggested that the SCC/ml of milk was higher during the later stages of lactation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 1984

A total of 466 foremilk from dairy farms in Chonnam district was examined for the subclinical mastitis over a period of one year, using a method of the electrical conductivities(EC); absolute conductivity(AC) and differential conductivity(DC) and quarter difference value(QD), in relation to the California mastitis test(CMT) and the direct somatic cell count(DSCC). The compatibility and efficiency rating between the EC values and the other screening tests was conducted. Obtained results are summarized as follows. 1. A linear relationship was found between the EC values and the CMT scores and direct somatic cell counts and it was found that electrical conductivity measurements were comparable with other screening tests for diagnosing animals with mastitis. 2. Compatibilities between the EC and CMT were 70.4% in AC, 74.6% in DC and 70.7% in QD, and that of the EC and DSCC were 53.0% in AC, 63.1% in DC and 53.2% in QD. On the other hand, relative efficiency ratings of Postle's equation between EC and CMT were 37.3% in AC, 26.5% in DC and 13.6% in QD, and that of the EC and DSCC were 33.1% in AC, 20.2% in DC and 11.9% in QD. 3. In the foremilk samples collected from damaged quarters determined by EC, the false positive rate wart higher than the false negative rate, and consequently tests of EC produced lower compatibility or efficiency rating scores. These tendencies suggested that any factors other than the mastitic condition influencing the EC values might be existed.