• 한국폐기물자원순환학회지
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.616-626
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• 2018

The quality standards of solid refuse fuel (SRF) define the values for 12 physico-chemical properties, including moisture, lower heating value, and metal compounds, according to Article 20 of the Enforcement Rules of the Act on Resource Saving and Recycling Promotion. These parameters are evaluated via various SRF Quality Test Methods, but problems related to the heavy metal content have been observed in the microwave acid digestion method. Therefore, these methods and their applicability need improvement. In this study, the appropriate testing conditions were derived by varying the parameters of microwave acid digestion, such as microwave power and pre-treatment time. The pre-treatment of SRF as a function of the microwave power revealed an incomplete decomposition of the sample at 600 W, and the heavy metal content analysis was difficult to perform under 9 mL of nitric acid and 3 mL of hydrochloric acid. The experiments with the reference materials under nitric acid at 600 W lasted 30 minutes, and 1,000 W for 20 or 30 minutes were considered optimal conditions. The results confirmed that a mixture of SRF and an acid would take about 20 minutes to reach $180^{\circ}C$, requiring at least 30 minutes of pre-treatment. The accuracy was within 30% of the standard deviation, with a precision of 70 ~ 130% of the heavy metal recovery rate. By applying these conditions to SRF, the results for each condition were not significantly different and the heavy metal standards for As, Pb, Cd, and Cr were satisfied.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.506-519
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• 1996

The water quality in the rural areas is degrading due to a variety of causes such as the increase of the urban sewage and industrial wastes, the disposal of solid wastes, the growth of livestock waste, the growth of leisure facilities, the establishment of agricultural industry estates and etc. The water pollutants are scarce while the effluent is increasing from wide scattered sources. The technology specifically designed for the rural wastes water treatment plant needs to be implemented with improvement of agricultural water quality. 1. An integrated management measures against water pollution sources. The prevention of water pollution is the best measures in the environmental pollution. Hence, the most effective measures needs to be against the sources. Small-scale water treatment plants needs to be constructed in each village in the rural areas. As for the industrial effluent, the effluent discharge needs to be strictly monitored. Government subsidy for the establishment of treatment plant for livestock wastes is necessary. 2. The establishment of national-wide network for agricultural water quality. The network for agricultural water quality have been operated to conserve the agricultural water quality, and to develop management policies by the assessment of water pollution in the rural areas. The results of agricultural water quality network indicates that the water quality is degrading not only around urban areas but also in the distant rural areas, and the water quality at the pumping stations and weirs is worse than that of reservoirs. 3. The legal, systematic, and technical approaches for the agricultural water quality management. The actions currently implemented for the improvement of agricultural water quality involve temporary measures such as the improvement of irrigation facilities. These contingency measures are not effective in the long-term, and sometimes bring secondary pollution. Therefore, integrated measures covering the whole water environment such as the flow, quality, river morphology, aquatic ecosystem, and the surrounding environment, need be invented and implemented. Besides, the legal, systematic, and technical frameworks for the management are not fully established so far. The technology for the treatment of rural water pollution should be refined afterwards, and the research for the development of rural waste water treatment plant should be carried out.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제67권11호
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• pp.1477-1485
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• 2018

There are two major issues for activated sludge process in sewage treatment plant. One is how to make sewage be more clean and the other is the energy saving in sewage treatment process. The major monitoring sewage qualities are chemical oxygen demand, phosphorus, nitrogen, suspended solid in effluent. These are transmitted to the national TMS(Telemetry Monitoring System) at every hour. If these exceed the environmental standard, the environmental charges imposed. So, these water qualities are to be controlled below the environmental standard in operation of sewage treatment plant. And recently, the energy saving is also important in process operation. Over 50% energy is consumed in blowers and motors for injection oxygen into aeration tank. So, with the water qualities to be controlled below the environmental standard, the energy saving also is to be accomplished for efficient plant management. Almost researches are aimed to control water quality without considering energy saving. AI techniques have been used for control water quality. AI modeling simulator provided the optimal control inputs(blower speed, waste sludge, return sludge) for control water quality. Blower speed is the main control input for activated sludge process. To make sewage be more clean, the excessive blower speed is supplied, but water quality is not better than the previous. In results, non necessary energy is consumed. In this paper we propose a new method that the energy saving also is to be accomplished with the water qualities to be controlled below the environmental standard for efficient plant management. Water qualities in only aeration tank are used the inputs of fuzzy models. Outputs of these models are chemical oxygen demand, phosphorus, nitrogen, suspended solid in effluent and have the environmental standards. In test, we found this method could save 10% energy than the previous methods.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 1996

A bench-scale continuous activated sludge system was operated in order to study the effects of solid waste landfill leachate on municipal wastewater treatment. The leachate sample was collected from Nanjido landfill. During the 7 weeks of operational period, the leachate content in the influent fed to the system was increased stepwise from 3% to 5% and 7%. The solids retention time was the major process control parameter, and it was 10 days. With the municipal wastewater alone, COD removal was 75%. The removal percents, however, decreased to 60% and 45% when the leachate content was 3% and 7%, respectively. For the wastewater spiked with the leachate, the sludge production was higher than for the municipal wastewater alone. Sludge settleability determined by SVI deteriorated with the increase of leachate content. The specific oxygen uptake rate, however, was measured higher as leachate content increased.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.76-88
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• 2012

본 연구는 생활계폐기물 중 별도로 분리 배출되어 재활용 선별장으로 반입된 재활용 폐기물에 대한 수집운반에서부터 최종처리까지의 흐름을 분석하였다. 연구는 실제 현장조사를 기본으로 실시하였으며, 조사 결과, 최종 재활용 측면에서는 대체적으로는 적정 처리가 이루어지는 것으로 파악 되었으나, 불필요한 이동 및 중간처리 경로를 통해 처리되는 품목이 상당수 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 지자체에서 선별된 폐자원을 처리 또는 수집운반 하는 업체들은 오로지 경제성 원리에 입각한 폐기물 처리비와 운반비 차익을 주요 수익원으로 하기 때문에 불필요한 중간단계 및 장거리 폐기물 이동현상이 나타나게 된다. 따라서 합리적인 자원순환망 구축을 위한 첫 번째 단계는 폐기물 발생원의 근거리에 있는 재활용업체에서의 우선처리원칙이 필요하며, 필요에 따라 인근 지역의 폐기물을 동시에 처리 할 수 있는 광역처리체계 도입이 타당하다.

• 기술사
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.28-35
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• 1985

As the paper industry consumes much water in process and discharge wastewater containing suspended solid and COD(chemical oxygen demand), relevant law against this discharge has been set up to limit the total containment of COD in discharge. This study has been carried out to improve the treatment method for the soluble COD in wastewater produced during the process of paste-board production, which is made of semichemical pulp and waste paper. Applicated methods are, O$_2$AS : O$_2$ activated sludge process DAS : Deep well activated sludge process SAS : standard activated sludge process and proper combination of DAS and SAS 1) As a result of this experiment, we get the following conclusion between in COD sludge loading "X" and COD removable rate in the process of treating waste-water. COD removable rate(％)=(0.778+0.0146/X)${\times}$100(％)……(7) 2) In case that the COD sludge loading is high, it has been cleared out that the COD removable rate shall become low due to unknown unsoluble substances contained in the process. Meanwhile, to increase the efficiency rate of treatment, it is thought to be necessary, to provide long-time contacts with activated sludge. 3) Once the COD of original waste-water and the target COD of treated water are decided, COD sludge loading is obtained from equation(7), and capacity of aeration tank in the effective systems such as O$_2$AS, DAS, to bet the required COD removable rate can be decided. Therefore the choice among SAS, O$_2$AS, DAS methods is made in consideration of required COD removable rate and allowable installation area. 4) In the sedimentation tank with sludge bulking, it is possible to increase the COD removable rate by 3～7％ but still there exist many obstacles to manage this operation.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.38-44
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• 2019

The Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) of fresh leachate and domestic wastewaters codigestion was determined by laboratory Bach Tests at $35^{\circ}C$ over a period of 90 d using a wide range of leachates volumetric ratios from 0% to 100%. To simulate wastewaters plant treatment step, all the ratios were first air stripped for 48 h before anaerobic incubation. The kinetic of biogas production was assessed using modified Gompertz model and exponential equation. The results obtained showed that cumulative biogas production was insignificant in the case of wastewaters monodigestion while the codigestion significantly improves the BMP. Air stripping pretreatment had positive effect on both ammonium concentration and volatiles fatty acids with reduction up to 75% and 42%, respectively. According to the Modified Gompertz model, the optimal anaerobic co-digestion conditions both in terms of maximal biogas potential, start-up period and maximum daily biogas production rate, could be achieved within large leachate volumetric ratios from 25% to 75% with a maximum BMP value of 438.42 mL/g volatile solid at 50% leachate ratio. The positive effect of codigestion was attributed to a dilution effect of chemical oxygen demand and volatile fatty acid concentrations to optimal range that was between 11.7 to $32.3gO_2/L$ and 2.1 to 7.4 g/L, respectively. These results suggested that the treatment of fresh leachate by their dilution and co digestion at wastewaters treatment plants could be a promising alternative for both energetic and treatment purposes.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1992

Since 1960's along with industrialization and urbanization, economic growth has been . achieved, however, at the same time, environmental condition has been seriously deteriorated. . Currently, volume of wastewater has been increasing at annual rate of 7% in sewage and 20% in industrial wastewater. However, the nation's sewage treatment serves only 33% of the municipal wastewater as of 1991. Major portion of air pollutants comes from combustion of oil and coal which comprise 81% of total energy use and emission gases from motor vehicles increasing at an accelerated rate. It is known that Korea generates the highest amount of waste per capta. Nevertheless, it is not sufficient to reduce the volume of waste by means of resources recovery and recycling. Recognizing the importance of global environmental problems such as ozone layer depletion, global warming and acid rain, international society has been making various efforts since the 1972 Stockholm conference. In particular, it is expected that the Rio conference which has adopted the Rio declaration and Agenda 21 will form a crucial turning point of the emerging new world order after the Cold War confrontation. To cope with such issues as domestic pollution and global environmental problems, the fundamental national policy aims at harmonizing "environmental protection and sustainable development". The Ministry of Environment has recently set up a mid-term comprehensive plan which includes annual targets for environmental protection. According to the government plan, gradual improvement of various environmental conditions and specific measures to achieve them is planned in time frame. Additional sewage treatment plants will be constructed in urban areas with the target to treat 65% of the nation's municipal sewage by 1996. Supply of clean fuels such as LNG will also be expanded starting from large cities as a cleaner substitute energy for coal and oil. In parallel with expansion of LNG, emphasis will be placed on installation of stack monitoring system. Due to the relatively limited land, government's basic policy for solid waste treatment is to develop large scale landfill facilities rather than small sized ones. Thirty three regional areas have been designated for the purpose of waste management. For each of these regions, big scale landfill site is going to be developed. To increase the rate of waste recycling the government is planning to reinforce separate collection system and to provide industries with economic incentives. As a part of meeting the changing situation on global environmental problems after UNCED, and accommodation regulatory measures stipulated in the global environmental conventions and protocols, national policy will try to alter industrial and economic structure so as to mitigate the increasing trends of energy consumption, by encouraging energy conservation and efficiency. In this regard, more attention will be given to the policy on the development of the cleaner technology. Ultimately, these policies and programs will contribute greatly to improving the current state of national public health.

• 에너지공학
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 음식물쓰레기를 반탄화 하여 생성된 생성물의 특성 및 온도에 대한 영향을 비교하여 연료화 가능성을 파악하고자 하였다. 반응온도를 $180^{\circ}C{\sim}270^{\circ}C$ 조절하고 열전달방식을 질소가스 열전달방식과 열매체유 열전달방식으로 나누어 실험한 결과 생성물의 생산 수율과 수분함량은 온도가 높아짐에 따라 감소하였고 특히 $240^{\circ}C$이상에서는 수분감소 뿐만 아니라 열적변화도 확인 할 수 있었다. 반응온도가 낮을수록 열매체유 열전달방식이 수분감소에 더 좋은 열전달 효율을 보였지만 온도가 높아질수록 그 차이는 미미한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 발열량의 경우 초기 660 Kcal/kg 에서 질소가스 열전달방식 6,400 Kcal/kg 간접방식 6,890 Kcal/kg 으로 상승 되었고, 원소분석결과 반응온도가 상승할수록 반탄화 생성물의 탄소원소의 함량증가와 산소원소 함량 감소를 확인 하였으며 석탄밴드 분석결과 저급석탄에 가까운 H/C와 O/C의 범위를 나타내었다. 음식물쓰레기를 반탄화를 통하여 연료개질이 가능하다는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 반응온도가 높아질수록 저급석탄에 더 가까워짐을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.471-479
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 PCBs 함유 고상폐기물의 효율적 관리를 위해 현행 폐기물 공정시험방법의 용출 시험방법을 고상폐기물 종류별 표면채취법, 부재시험방법, 세정시험방법 등의 함량시험방법과 비교검토하여 PCBs 함유 고상폐기물의 시험방법(안) 및 기준(안)을 마련하였다. 우리나라의 표면채취법에 의한 비함침성 고상폐기물의 규제기준은 미국 및 일본과 같은 수준으로 각 국의 액상폐기물인 절연유 기준과 표면채취법에 의한 처리기준의 수치적 관계를 이용하여 산출하는 것이 타당한 것으로 판단되어진다. 이에 PCBs 함유 고상폐기물 중 규소강판 등 표면채취가 가능한 평면형 비함침성 부재는 표면채취법으로 시료를 채취하여 함량분석법으로 분석하는 경우, 비함침성 고상폐기물의 규제기준(안)을 $0.4 {\mu}g/100cm^2$으로 설정하였다. 또한, 표면채취가 어려운 시료를 일정한 크기로 잘라 부재를 채취한 후 함량분석법으로 분석하는 경우에는 규제기준을 0.04 mg/kg을 제안하였다.