• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2008

혼합 호산성 박테리아를 이용하여 리튬이온 밧데리 산업 폐기물로부터 코발트와 리튬의 침출을 연구하였다. 혼합 호산성 박테리아의 성장기질은 단체 황 및 2가 철이온으로 구성되어 있으며 미생물에 의한 금속의 침출은 폐기물에 존재하는 금속과 황산이온의 양자 반응 때문에 일어난다. 본 연구에서 12일간 미생물 침출반응시 고상 폐기물중 코발트의 80%, 리튬의 20%가 용해되었으며 고액비가 높을수록 금속의 독성으로 인하여 미생물의 성장은 억제된다. 단체 황의 농도가 높을 조건에서는 일부 황 분말이 용해되지 않으며 금속의 침출속도는 황의 증가에 따라 감소한다.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2005

우라늄 변환시설의 라군 슬러지에 함유된 질산염의 안정적 처리를 위해 물 첨가 용해를 실시한 뒤, 여과 케이크의 안정화 특성에 대하여 알아보았다. 물 용해에 의해 대부분의 질산염은 고농도 질산염 용액으로 제거되었으므로, 여과 케이크의 열분해는 $900^{\circ}C$에서 하나의 단계로 수행하였다. Muffle furnace를 이용하여 $900^{\circ}C$에서 5시간동안 여과 케이크의 열분해를 실시한 결과 라군 1 슬러지에 포함된 U은 $NaNO_3$의 열분해와 함께 $Na_{2}O{\cdot}2UO_3$의 형태로 안정화 되었다. 라군 2 열분해 잔류물의 경우에는 열분해 시 생성된 CaO가 냉각과정에서 수분과 반응하여 $Ca(OH)_2$로 전환되는 것을 TG/DTA 분석과 XRD 분석을 통해 확인할 수 있었지만, 처분장에서 대기중 노출이나 지하수의 침출 등에는 안정한 화합물로 알려져 있으므로, 특별한 첨가제의 첨가 없이 단순 열분해 후 처분이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2016

This study aims to analyze region-specific trends in changing greenhouse gas emissions in incineration plants of local government where waste heat generated during incineration are reused for the recent five years (2009 to 2013). The greenhouse gas generated from the incineration plants is largely $CO_2$ with a small amount of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$. Most of the incineration plants operated by local government produce steam with waste heat generated from incineration to produce electricity or reuse it for hot water/heating and resident convenience. And steam in some industrial complexes is supplied to companies who require it for obtaining resources for local government or incineration plants. All incineration plants, research targets of this study, are using LNG or diesel fuel as auxiliary fuel for incinerating wastes and some of the facilities are using LFG(Landfill Gas). The calculation of greenhouse gas generated during waste incineration was according to the Local Government's Greenhouse Emissions Calculation Guideline. As a result of calculation, the total amount of greenhouse gas released from all incineration plants for five years was about $3,174,000tCO_2eq$. To look at it by year, the biggest amount was about $877,000tCO_2eq$ in 2013. To look at it by region, Gyeonggido showed the biggest amount (about $163,000tCO_2eq$ annually) and the greenhouse gas emissions per capita was the highest in Ulsan Metropolitan City(about $154kCO_2eq$ annually). As a result of greenhouse gas emissions calculation, some incineration plants showed more emissions by heat recovery than by incineration, which rather reduced the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions. For more accurate calculation of greenhouse gas emissions in the future, input data management system needs to be improved.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2016

Magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) is an effective agent for solidification/stabilization (S/S) technology. To further explore the mechanism of the S/S by MKPC, two kinds of Cd including $Cd(NO_3)_2$ solution (L-Cd) and municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) adsorbed Cd (S-Cd), were used to compare the effects of the form of heavy metal on S/S. The results showed that all the MKPC pastes had a high unconfined compressive strength (UCS) above 11 MPa. For L-Cd pastes, Cd leaching concentration increased with the increase of Cd content, and decreased with the increase of curing time. With the percentage of MSWI FA below 20%, S-Cd pastes exhibited similar Cd leaching concentrations as those of L-Cd pastes, while when the content of MSWI FA come up to 30%, the Cd leaching concentration increased significantly. To meet the standard GB5085.3-2007, the highest addition of S-Cd was 30% MSWI FA (6% Cd contained), with the Cd leaching concentration of 0.817 mg/L. The S/S of L-Cd is mainly due to chemical fixation, and the hydration compound of Cd was $NaCdPO_4$, while the S/S of S-Cd is due to physical encapsulation, which is dependent on the pore/crack size and porosity of the MKPC pastes.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.359-370
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• 2023

The thermal integrity of spent nuclear fuels has to be maintained during their long-term dry storage. The detailed temperature distributions of spent fuel assemblies are essential for evaluating the integrity of their dry storage systems. In this study, a subchannel analysis model was developed for a canister of a single fuel assembly using the COBRA-SFS code. The thermal parameters affecting the peak cladding temperature (PCT) of the spent fuel assembly were identified, and sensitivity analyses were performed based on these parameters. The subchannel analysis results indicated the presence of a recirculation flow, based on natural convection, between the fuel assembly and downcomer region. The sensitivity analysis of the thermal parameters indicated that the PCT was affected by the emissivity of the fuel cladding and basket, convective heat transfer coefficient, and thermal conductivity of the fluid. However, the effects of the wall friction factor of the canister, form loss coefficient of the grid spacers, and thermal conductivities of the solid materials, on the PCT were predominantly ignored.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.330-344
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• 1996

A model of a cable comprising interacting wires with dry friction forces at the interfaces is subjected to a quasi-static cyclic loading. The first cycle of this process, comprising of axial loading, unloading and reloading is investigated analytically. Explicit load-elongation relationships are obtained for all of the above phases of the cycle. An expression for the hysteretic losses is also obtained in an explicit form. It is shown that losses are proportional to the third power of the amplitude of the oscillating axial force, and are in inverse proportion to the interwire friction forces. The results obtained are used to introduce a model of a cable as a solid rod with an equivalent stiffness and damping properties of the rod material. It is shown that the stiffness of the equivalent rod is weakly nonlinear, whereas the viscous damping coefficient is proportional to the amplitude of the oscillation. Some numerical results illustrating the effect of cable parameters on the losses are given.

• 융복합기술연구소 논문집
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2016

Additive manufacturing is converting a digitally designed object into a tangible three dimensional solid using an additive process where materials are applied in successive layers with no or very limited material waste. It can be distinguished form traditional manufacturing which begins with a fixed amount of raw material and removes excess to arrive at the final product. Generally there are five stages to the additive manufacturing supply chain, namely materials, systems, software, application design and production. In this paper, recent market trends and technology about additive manufacturing based on supply chain are analyzed and reviewed.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.125-136
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• 1990

To develope a rapid processing method for fish sauce, processing conditions of fish sauce from sardine waste was investigated. The chopped waste was homogenized and hydrolyzed by commercial proteolytic enzymes such as Complex enzyme-2000($2.18\cdot10^4$ U/g solid) and Alcalase($1.94\cdot10^4$ U/g solid) in a cylindrical vessel with 4 baffles and 6-bladed turbine impeller. Optimal temperature for the case of hydrolysis with Complex enzyme-2000 was 50 and that with Alcalase was $55^{\circ}C$. In both cases, the reasonable pH, amount of water for homo-genization, enzyme concentration and hydrolyzing time were 8.0, $40\%$ (W/W), $3\%$ and 100 min, respectively. Heating of the filtrated hydrolysate for 2 hours at $90^{\circ}C$ with $6\%$ of invert sugar was suitable for pasteurization of the hydrolysate and inactivation of enzymes. Flavor, taste and color of the hydrolysate was improved during the thermal treatment in which the browning reaction products might participate and result in antioxidative and bactericidal effects. Combined use of $0.005\%$ of Caryophylli flos with invert sugar was also effective for the improvement of taste. Yield of the fish sauce based on the total nitrogen in the raw sardine waste was $91.2\~92.3\%$ and $87.2\~87.8\%$ of the total nitrogen in the fish sauce was in the form of amino nitrogen. The pH, salinity and histamine content of the fish sauce prepared with $15\%$ of table salt were $6.1\~6.2$, $14.2\~14.4\%$ and less than $10mg\%$, respectively. The fish sauce was stable during the storage of 60 days at $26\pm3^{\circ}C$ on bacterial growth and its quality was also maintained.

• 청정기술
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2018

탄산칼슘($CaCO_3$) 형태의 천연 굴패각을 포졸란 반응 물질인 생석회(CaO)로 전환하기 위해서는 고온(> $800^{\circ}C$)의 소성 공정이 필요하다. 이로 인한 과도한 에너지 비용 투입이 굴패각의 산업적 이용에 큰 걸림돌로 작용하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 소성과정 없이 굴패각을 뒷채움용 고화재 소재로 개발하는 것이다. 본 연구팀은 굴패각을 황산칼슘 형태로 전환하고, 이를 수산화나트륨 및 황토와 혼합하여 고화물을 생성시키는 방법을 제안하였다. 굴패각을 황산칼슘으로 전환시키기 위한 황산용액과 황산칼슘을 소석회($Ca(OH)_2$)로 전환하는 데 필요한 수산화나트륨 용액의 최적 농도를 결정하였다. 신규 고화재, 천연 굴패각, 석탄회 비율을 변화시켜 뒷채움재를 제조하고 양생한 후 공시체의 일축압축강도를 비교하였다. 고화재 함량 비율이 증가할수록 공시체의 일축압축강도는 증가한 반면 동일한 고화재 함량에서 석탄회 대비 천연 굴패각 함량이 증가할수록 공시체의 일축압축강도가 증가하였다. 본 결과는 천연 굴패각과 석탄회를 이용한 뒷채움재 제조에 있어서 황산처리 굴패각, 황토, 수산화나트륨 용액으로 구성된 고화재가 효과적으로 사용될 수 있음을 보여준다. 황산처리 굴패각 기반 고화재는 기존에 개발된 바 없고, 굴패각을 활용한 경제성 있는 뒷채움용 소재 개발과 굴패각의 산업적 활용도를 높이는데 커다란 기여를 할 것이다.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2015

본 연구는 고방사성해수폐액에 함유되어 있는 주요 고방사성 핵종인 Cs을 제거하기 위하여 IE911 (crystalline silicotitanate)에 의한 흡착 제거를 수행하였다. Cs의 효율적 흡착제거 및 2차 고체폐기물의 발생량을 최소화하기 위하여 IE911-Cs 흡착은 m/V (흡착제 질량/용액 부피) 비=2.5 g/L, 흡착시간은 1 시간 정도가 효과적이었다. 이때 Cs은 약 99%, Sr은 5% 이하가 각각 흡착되었다. 또한 IE911-Cs 흡착은 Langmuir 등온식 및 유사 (pseudo) 2차 속도 식으로 표현할 수 있으며, 흡착속도상수(k₂)는 Cs의 초기농도 및 입자크기 증가에 따라 감소하는데 반하여, m/V 비, 온도 및 교반속도 증가에 따라서는 증가하고 있다. IE911-Cs 흡착의 활성화에너지는 약 79.9 kJ/mol 로, IE911-Cs 흡착이 보다 강력한 결합 형태를 이룬 화학적 흡착임을 보여주고 있다. 그리고 음수 값의 Gibbs 자유에너지 및 엔탈피는 IE911-Cs의 흡착반응이 정반응의 발열반응이고, 저온에서 반응이 상대적으로 활발함을 의미하며, 음수 값의 엔트로피는 흡착된 Cs이 IE911에 균일하게 정렬되어 있음을 나타낸다.