• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.31-54
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to present the basic data for establishing the management plan of forest ecosystem in Honam-Jeongmeak and Geumnamhonam-Jeongmaek by surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in Jangansan(A-site), Palgongsan(B-site), Mandeoksan(C-site), Chuwolsan (D-site), Cheonunsan(E-site) and Jeamsan(F-site). The numbers of flora were 813 taxa including 115 families, 406 genera, 700 species, 4 subspecies, 94 varieties and 15 forms. There were 500 taxa in A-site, 427 taxa in B-site, 402 taxa in C-site, 449 taxa in D-site, 345 taxa in E-site and 524 taxa in F-site. The rare plants were 12 taxa including Paeonia japonica, Iris minutoaurea, Chloranthus fortunei and so forth. In IUCN Red List categories, there were 1 taxon of EN, 2 taxa of VU, 8 taxa of LC and 1 taxon of DD. The Korean endemic plants were 20 taxa including Salix koriyanagi, Thalictrum actaefolium var. brevistylum, Saussurea pseudogracilis and so forth. The specific plants by floristic region were 108 taxa including 58 taxa of grade I, 30 taxa of grade II, 16 taxa of grade III, 2 taxa of grade IV and grade V, respectively. The plants adaptable to climate change were 18 taxa including 11 taxa of southern plant and 7 taxa of northern plants. The naturalized plants were 49 taxa including Rumex nipponicus, Brassica juncea, Trifolium repens and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 4 taxa including Rumex acetocella, Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Aster pilosus.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.533-542
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• 2021

Chitosan has been considered an environmental-friendly polymer. However, its use in agriculture has not been extended yet due to its relatively low solubility in water. N-Methylene phosphonic chitosan (NMPC) is a water-soluble derivative prepared by adding a phosphonic group to chitosan. This study demonstrates that NMPC has a fungicidal effect on the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii (F. eumartii) judged by the inhibition of F. eumartti mycelial growth and spore germination. NMPC affected fungal membrane permeability, reactive oxygen species production, and cell death. Also, this chitosan-derivative exerted antifungal effects against two other phytopathogens, Botrytis cinerea, and Phytophthora infestans. NMPC did not affect tomato cell viability at the same doses applied to these phytopathogens to exert fungicide action. In addition to water solubility, the selective biological cytotoxicity of NMPC adds value in its application as an antimicrobial agent in agriculture.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.506-515
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution status and UI(urbanization index) of the naturalized plants and exotic plants. For this purpose 7 cities and counties in the northern South Jeolla Province were selected and investigations were conducted on a total of 14 sites, two sites from each city or county, during the period of March to November 2006. The exotic plants were identified as 111 taxa; 26 families, 79 genera, 105 species, and 6 varieties. As for urbanization index, Hampyeong County had the highest level of urbanization(21.95%) and Gokseong County the lowest level of urbanization(16.38%). Naturalized plants classified as family were as follows: Compositae was 36 kinds(32.43%) Graminae 17 kinds(15.31%) and Leguminosae 7 kinds(6.31%). Major communities of naturalized plants consisted of 21 communities including Robinia pseudoacacia-Amorpha fruticosa community, Erigeron annuus community, Erigeron canadensis community etc. Invasive naturalized plants consisted of 7 taxa: Paspalum disticum var. indutum, Paspalum distichum, Rumex acetocella, Solanum carolinense, Aster pilosus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior and Ambrosia trifida. The study shows that the integrated management of exotic plants on a national scale is needed. It also recommend that a systematic and integrated management of exotic plants in the northern South Jeolla Province is crucial to preserve and protect natural species.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.240-249
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• 2011

The potential of juglone a plant naphthoquinone as a natural herbicide on new target, 7-keto-8-amino pelargonic acid synthetase (KAPAS) in the early step of biotin biosynthesis pathway, was performed in vitro and in vivo. Juglone effectively inhibited KAPAS activities in vitro and the $IC_{50}$ was $9.5{\mu}M$. Foliar application of juglone showed very good herbicidal activity to the eight-tested weed species. Among them, Solanum nigrum was completely controlled at a concentration of $250{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ with main symptoms of desiccation or burndown. Digitaria sanguinalis and Aeschynomene indica were also sensitive to juglone treatment. All eight weed species were controlled by 90~100% at a concentration of $500{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$. However, soil application of juglone to Digitaria sanguinalis did not show any herbicidal symptoms. Cellular leakage from cucumber leaf squares treated with juglone increased depending on the concentrations increased from 6.25 to $100{\mu}M$ after 24 hours incubation with or without light. However, chlorophyll loss in cucumber leaf squares was negligible. Biotin supplements significantly rescued the inhibition of germination rate of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds previously inhibited by the juglone. Our results suggest that the juglone is a possible environmental friendly herbicide candidate with a new target KAPAS inhibiting activity.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.496-508
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• 1992

Phytophagous insects associated with Dicotyledoneae weeds and host specificities in the field populations were investigated for the survey of biological control agents of weeds in Korea. Fifty four weed species in 39 genera were collected during the survey. The most insects were collected from Polygonales by 24 species in 22 genera and followed by Urticales and Centrospermales by 17 species of 17 genera. The insects collected in the other weed orders were ranged from 1 to 12 species. Out of 17 insect species collected in Urticales, Baris sp. damaged the leaves of Hamulus japonicus in Cannabinaceae as scattered holeshape and showed host specificity. In Polygonaceae, Rumex japonicus and R. crispus were severely damaged by Aphis rumicis and Gastrophysa atrocyanea. G. atrocyanea leaf beetle had host specificity on R. japonicus and ate all the leaves except veins. The leaf beetle, Lypesthes japonicus was a potential biological control agent by feeding leaves of Persicaria spp .. And Lixus spp. were also often collected from Persicaria spp .. Liothrips vaneeckei was first collected from weed, P. modosa. P. senticosa was damaged by unidentified geometrid moth larvae and P. perfoiliata by Miarus atricolor snout beetle. Cassida piperata damaged leaves of Chenopodium album of Centrospermales and showed host specificity. In a soybean field, C. album and Amaranthus mangostanus were severely damaged by Spodoptera litura larvae which were eating soybean leaves. This phenomenon indicates that the presence of weed in cultivated land influences the outbreak of insect pests. Altica oleracea leaf beetle was frequently collected from Oenothera spp. of Onagraceae in Myrtales. Aphis gossyphi was outbroken on Solanum nigrum and Phylliodes brettinghami leaf beetle was first recorded on the same plant. Leaf beetles, Longitarsus scutellais and Hemipyxis plagioderoides were first collected from Plantago asiatica of Plantaginaceae in Plantaginales. They showed host specificities in the fields. The hemipterans were collected from many weeds during the survey and their roles on weeds should be investigated. A tractomorpha bedeli was also collected from many kinds of weeds in forest areas.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2008

The resource plants of the Mt. Geonji was listed 354 taxa; 92 families, 242 genera, 303 species, 48 varieties and 3 forms. 354 taxa listed consists of 205 taxa of edible plants(57.1%),234 taxa of medicinal plants(65.2%), 167 taxa of ornamental plants(46.5%) and 218 taxa of the others(60.7%). Specific plant species by floral region were total 22 taxa; Trapella sinensis var. antennifera in class IV, Iris ensata var. spontanea in Class II, 16 taxa(Salix glandulosa, Alnus hirsuta, Chrysosplenium flagelliferum, Mallotus japonicus, Ilex macropoda, Grewia biloba var. parviflora, Vaccinium oldhami, Lysimachia barystachys, Fraxinus mandshurica, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 12 families, 23 genera, 28 species, 2 varieties, 30 taxa(Bromus unioloides, Phytolacca americana, Oenothera erythrosepala, Ipomoea hederacea var. hederacea, Aster pilosus, Erechtites hieracifolia) and naturalization rate was 8.5% of all 354 taxa vascular plants. Wild plants disturbing ecosystem like Solanum carolinense and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior have been increasing. So, it needs continuing control and conservation measures on the plant ecosystem.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.309-324
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• 1994

A total of 2,276 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani obtained from diseased crops of 68 species was classified into anastomosis groups AG-1, AG-2-1, AG-2-2, AG-3, AG-4 and AG-5 by anastomosis test. Among the isolates, 1,091 isolates were identified as AG-1, 326 isolates as AG-2-1, 191 isolates as AG-2-2, 71 isolates as AG-3, 505 isolates as AG-4, and 92 isolates as AG-5. Among the isolates of AG-1, 791 isolates were grouped as cultural type IA, 280 isolates as cultural type IB, and the others as cultural type IC. Among the isolates of AG-2-2, 112 isolates were grouped as cultural type IIIB, and the others as cultural type IV. Cultural types IA, IB and IC of AG-1 were isolated from 7, 26 and 2 species of crops, respectively. AG-2-1 was isolated from 10 species of crops. Cultural types IIIB and IV of AG-2-2 were isolated from 7 and 3 species of crops, respectively. AG-3 was only isolated from Solanum tuberosum. AG-4 was isolated from 43 species of crops, and AG-5 from 13 species of crops. A single anastomosis group was isolated from each of 45 species of crops, but two or more than two anastomosis groups were isolated from each of the other crops. Cultural appearance of the isolates belonging to an anastomosis group or a cultural type was mostly distinct from that belonging to others, although cultural appearances of some anastomosis groups or cultural types were similar to one another. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth of AG-1, AG-2-2, AG-4 and AG-5 ranged from 26 to $30^{\circ}C$, and that of AG-2-1 and AG-3 from 22 to $26^{\circ}C$. Minimum temperature for mycelial growth of AG-2-1 was the lowest as $2{\sim}3^{\circ}C$, that of AG-1(IA) and AG-4 was the highest as $10{\sim}11^{\circ}C$, and that of the others ranged from 5 to $10^{\circ}C$. Maximum temperature for mycelial growth of AG-2-2(IIIB) was the highest as $36{\sim}37^{\circ}C$, that of AG-2-1 was the lowest as $29{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, and that of the others ranged from 31 to $36^{\circ}C$. When the mycelial growth rates at $26^{\circ}C$ were compared, AG-1(IC) grew most rapidly, followed by AG-1(IA) and AG-1(IB), and AG-2-1 grew most slowly.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2002

Disease control activities of the methanol extracts from 27 plant species were investigated against six plant diseases such as rice blast, rice sheath blight, tomato gray mold, tomato late blight, wheat leaf rust and barley powdery mildew. The extracts of Humulus japonicus, Hosta longipes, Liriope platyphylla, and Astragalus membranaceus exhibited a great in vivo control activity against rice blast. Similarly, the extracts of Commelina communis and A. membranaceus were highly active on tomato gray mold and barley powdery mildew, respectively. The extracts of H. longipes, L. platyphylla, Solanum nigrum and A. membranaceus showed especially high disease control activity against wheat leaf rust, and then were selected for further tests such as protective, curative, systemic, and lasting activity against wheat leaf rust. The extracts of L. platyphylla and S. nigrum were strong protectant, and that of A. membranaceus possessed both a preventive activity and a curative activity. Systemic disease control by the selected four plant extracts was investigated by examing translaminar activity from leaf-under-surface to leaf-upper-surface and systemic activity by leaf-to-Ieaf movement. All extracts strongly controlled wheat leaf rust by translaminar movement, but hardly controlled the disease by leaf-to-leaf movement. Good lasting activity was also observed against wheat leaf rust from all of the tested extracts. Especially, disease control experiments on wheat seedlings sprayed with the extracts of S. nigrum or H. longipes 7 days prior to inoculation represented control value over 95%. These results suggest that methanol extracts of H. longipes, L. platyphylla, S. nigrum, and A. membranaceus, especially S. nigrum, would potently control wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia recondita in the fields.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.162-170
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to suggest the raw data on establishing the domestic wetland conservation plan. The results of this study were as follows. The vascular plants were summarized as 201 taxa in Ahnshim wetland; 57 families, 154 genera, 179 species and 22 varieties. The rare and endangered plant designated by Korea Forest Service was Hydorcharis dubia. In the wetland plants, the emerged plants were showed Typha angustata, Beckmannia syzigachne, Zizania latifolia, Phragmites communis, Persicaria thunbergii, Oenanthe javanica and Veronica undulata, and the submerged plants were Potamogeton crispus, Vallisneria asiatica, Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum verticillatum. And the floating leaved plants were confirmed Potamogeton distinctus, Hydrocharis dubia, Nelumbo nucifera and Nymphoides peltata, and the floating plants were Salvinia natans, Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna paucicostata. The naturalized plants were 33 taxa; Avena fatua, Dactylis glomerata, Rumex crispus, Rumex conglomeratus, Amaranthus retroflexus, Lepidium apetalum, Tlaspi arvense, Descurainia pinnata, Potentilla supina, Vicia villosa, Robinia pseruo-acacia, Amorpha fruticosa, Trifolium repens, Medicago sativa, Ailanthus altissima, Euphorbia supina, Oenothera lamarckiana, Quamoclit angulata, Ipomoea purpurea, Solanum nigrum, Veronica perisca, Helianthus tuberosus, Ambrosia artemisifolia var. elatior, Xanthium strumarium, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Conyza sumatrensis, Senecio vulgaris, Bidens frondosa, Tagetes minuta, Taraxacum officinale, Taraxacum laevigatum and Sonchus oleraceus.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2003

From 1996 to 1999, potato-growing areas in Korea were surveyed for identification and distribution of potato scab pathogens. Potato scab was widely distributed in the mass cultivation areas, especially in Jriu island, southern areas of Chonnam and Gyounggi provinces, and the alpine area of Gangwon province. Jeju island was the most affected area by this disease. A total of 55 Streptomyces strains were isolated from potato scab lesions, among which 40 strains were pathogenic on progeny tubers. Among the pathogenic strain, 21 strains were identified as previously described S. scabies, 7 Strains as S. turgidiscabies, and 5 Strains as S. acidiscabies, while 7 strains were observed as having distinct phenotypic properties. These strains were classified into six distinct clusters based on phenotypic characteristics and selected representative strains for each cluster. S. scabies (S33) had grey spores in a spiral chain. Mean-while, S. turgidiscabies (S27) had grey spores, S. acidiscabies (S71) had white spores, S. luridiscabiei (S63) had yellow-white spores, S. puniciscabiei (S77) had purple-red spores, and S. niveiscabiei (S78) had thin and compact white spores, all in a rectiflexuous chain. Pathogenicity was determined by the production of thaxtomin A and homologs of necl and ORFtnp genes. In TLC, representative strains S27, S71, S63, S77, and S78 produced a yellow band that co-migrated with the authentic thaxtomin A. However, thaxtomin A was not detected in chloroform extracts from oatmeal broth culture and Slice tuber tissue of S. luridiscabiei (S63) and S. puniciscabiei (S77) by HPLC analysis. In addition, no homologs of necl and ORFtnp genes in S. acidiscabies (S71), S. luridiscabiei (S63), S. puniciscabiei (S77), and S. niveiscabiei (S78) were detected by PCR and Southern hybridization analysis.