• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2017

This study estimated the nitrogen budget, including gaseous nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$), of South Korea in 2012~2014. The nitrogen budget was classified into three categories: agricultural and livestock, forest, and city. To estimate the nitrogen budget, several input and output parameters were investigated, including deposition, fixation, irrigation, chemical fertilizer use, compost, fuel, denitrification, volatilization, runoff, crop uptake, leaching, and $NO_x$ emissions. The annual nitrogen inputs from 2012 to 2014 were 6,202,828, 6,137,708, and 6,022,379 ton/yr, respectively. The corresponding annual nitrogen outputs were 1,393,763, 1,380,406, and 1,360,819 ton/yr, respectively, signifying a slight decrease from 2012 to 2014. $NO_x$ was the parameter contributing to the nitrogen budget to the greatest extent. The annual ratios of $NO_x$ emissions by vehicles, power plants, and businesses were 0.31, 0.31, and 0.30 in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. A change in government policy that prohibited the disposal of livestock manure and sewage sludge in the ocean from 2012 affected nitrogen budget profile. As a result, the ocean disposal ratio completely diminished, which differs from previous studies.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.327-332
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• 1986

pH7 인산완형용액(燐酸緩衡容液)으로 추출(抽出)한 지력질소(地力窒素)를 몇개의 토양(土壤)에서 비교평가(比較評價)하기 위(爲)하여 퇴비(堆肥), 석회(石灰) 및 규회석(珪灰石)을 32년간(年間) 장기연용(長期連用)한 사질답(砂質畓), 이앙전(移秧前) 70일간(日間) 담수(湛水) 및 무담수(無湛水)한 사질답(砂質畓), 다수확(多收穫)을 낸 보통답(普通畓) 및 인접(隣接)한 농가(農家)의 보통답(普通畓)을 실내조건(室內條件)으로 지력질소평가(地力窒素評價), 지력질소소장(地力窒素消長), 지력질소(地力窒素)와 추출질소(抽出窒素)와의 관계(關係) 및 답유형별(畓類型別) 지력질소(地力窒素)에 의(依)한 질소시비량결정(窒素施肥量決定) 등(等)을 분석검토(分析檢討)하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 동일비료(同一肥料)를 연용(連用)할 사질답(砂質畓)에서 처리별(處理別) 인산완형액(燐酸緩衡液)에서 추출(抽出)된 유기태질소(有機態窒素)는 3요소(要素)+퇴비구(堆肥區), 3요소구(要素區), 3요소(要素)+퇴비(堆肥)+석회(石灰)+규회석구(珪灰石區), 3요소(要素)+석회(石灰)+규회석구(珪灰石區), 3요소(要素)+규회석(珪灰石), 무비구(無肥區) 순위(順位)로 많았다. 2. 3요소(要素) 및 3요소(要素)+퇴비구(堆肥區) 처리(處理)에서 생육시기별(生育時期別)로 지력질소(地力窒素) 소장(消長)을 보면 처리(處理)에 관계(關係)없이 시험전(試驗前)에 비(比)해 유수형성기(幼穗形成期), 출수기(出穗期)로 생육(生育)이 경과(經過)됨에 따라 유기태질소함량(有機態窒素含量)은 감소(減少)되는 경향(傾向)이었다. 3. 다수확(多收穫)을 낸 보통답(普通畓)과 인근보통답(隣近普通畓)에서 비교(比較)할때 T-N, Org-N, $NH_4-N$ 성분(成分)은 다수확답(多收穫畓), $NO_3-N$는 인근답(隣近畓)에서 많았다. 특(特)히 4주간(週間) 담수항온후(湛水恒溫後) 생성(生成)된 $NH_4-N$와 추출(抽出)된 전질소(全窒素)N와는 1%의 유의성(有意性)이 있는 정(正)의 관계(關係)가 있었다. 4. 담수(湛水) 및 무담수(無湛水)한 사질답(砂質畓)에서 토양유기태질소(土壤有機態窒素)는 무담수처리구(無湛水處理區)에서 많았으나 도체내(稻體內) 질소흡수량(窒素吸收量)은 반대(反對)로 담수구(湛水區)에서 많았다. 5. 답유형별(畓類型別) 토양(土壤)의 추출전질소(抽出全窒素)는 보통답(普通畓), 사질답(砂質畓), 미숙답(未熟畓), 염해답(鹽害畓) 순(順)으로 많았으며 지력질소(地力窒素)에 의(依)한 추정질소시비량(推定窒素施肥量)은 반대(反對)로 염해답(鹽害畓), 미숙답(未熟畓), 사질답(砂質畓), 보통답(普通畓) 순위(順位)였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.445-451
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• 2013

We researched nitrogen and green manure yield of crotalaria by seeding rate; 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 kg $ha^{-1}$ in upland soil to find out crotalaria's optimal seeding rate. Crotalaria's plant height and number of leaves increased when the harvest time was later regardless of its seeding rate. Its nitrogen content of above-ground part was 19.8 g $ha^{-1}$, and C/N ratio was 22.5. The highest nitrogen content (50.3 g $ha^{-1}$) was found in flowers part, followed by its leaves, roots and stems. The green manure yields of crotalaria increased when the harvest time was later. The green manure yield of crotalaria was biggest in 50kg $ha^{-1}$ which was low in seeding rate. It tended to decrease when the seeding rate was higher, and the nitrogen yield had the same tendency. Therefore, the appropriate seeding rate was 50kg $ha^{-1}$ and the time for application to soil was considered to be the flowering stage.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.5-11
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• 2016

Background: As the decomposition of lignocellulosic compounds is a rate-limiting stage in the nutrient mineralization from organic matters, elucidation of the changes in soil enzyme activity can provide insight into the nutrient dynamics and ecosystem functioning. The current study aimed to assess the effect of thinning intensities on soil conditions. Un-thinned control, 20 % thinning, and 30 % thinning treatments were applied to a Larix kaempferi forest, and total carbon and nitrogen, total carbon to total nitrogen ratio, extractable nutrients (inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium), and enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-xylosidase, ${\beta}$-glucosaminidase) were investigated. Results: Total carbon and nitrogen concentrations were significantly increased in the 30 % thinning treatment, whereas both the 20 and 30 % thinning treatments did not change total carbon to total nitrogen ratio. Inorganic nitrogen and extractable calcium and magnesium concentrations were significantly increased in the 20 % thinning treatment; however, no significant changes were found for extractable phosphorus and potassium concentrations either in the 20 or the 30 % thinning treatment. However, the applied thinning intensities had no significant influences on acid phosphatase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-xylosidase, and ${\beta}$-glucosaminidase activities. Conclusions: These results indicated that thinning can elevate soil organic matter quantity and nutrient availability, and different thinning intensities may affect extractable soil nutrients inconsistently. The results also demonstrated that such inconsistent patterns in extractable nutrient concentrations after thinning might not be fully explained by the shifts in the enzyme-mediated nutrient mineralization.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.61-68
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• 1975

규산자재첨가(珪酸資材添加)에 따른 논토양(土壤)의 무기태질소(無機態窒素)의 동태(動態)를 밝히기 위(爲)하여 호남(湖南)(HC) 및 수원(水原)(CoS)의 2종류(種類)의 신선토양(新鮮土壤)을 사용(使用)하여 실험(實驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 규산자재(珪酸資材)의 첨가(添加)에 따른 질소무기화량(窒素無機化量)의 증가시기(增加時期)는 수원토양(水原土壤)에서 빠르고 호남토양(湖南土壤)에서 늦었다. 또한 규회석(珪灰石)에 의한 질소무기화량(窒素無機化量)은 규산석회(珪酸石灰)보다 많았다. 그러나 무기화량(無機化量)은 전반적(全般的)으로 적어서 토양유기물량(土壤有機物量)이 적다는 것을 반영(反映)해 주고 있다. 2. 규산자재첨가(珪酸資材添加)에 따른 시비질소(施肥窒素)의 동태(動態)를 보면 점토함량(粘土含量)이 적은 수원토양(水原土壤)에서는 초산화성(硝酸化成)이 촉진(促進)되어 탈실(脫室)에 의(依)한 시비질소(施肥窒素)의 손실(損失)이 컸다. 또한 이 손실(損失)은 규산석회(珪酸石灰)의 영향(影響)이 규회석(珪灰石)보다 현저(顯著)하였다. 3. 규산자재(珪酸資材)의 시용(施用)에 따른 벼에 대한 질소양분(窒素養分)의 공급개선(供給改善)은 유기질자재(有機質資材)와의 병용(倂用)이 주요(主要)하다는 것이 추론(推論)되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2002

현재 채소류에 대한 질소시비량 추천식은 육지부토양에서 시험한결과를 이용하여 설정된 것으로 이를 화산회토양에서도 활용하는 문제가 있어 이를 검토하기위하여 제주도 토양을 중심으로 1999년에는 pot와 2000년에는 포장에서 몇개의 질소시비량수준을 두고 배추를 재배한 시험결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Pot와 포장시험에서 배추의 질소 최고시비량은 $294{\sim}331kg\;ha^{-1}$이었고 토양의 유기물함량과 최고시비량과의 관계를 이용하여 화산회토양에 알맞는 새로 질소시 비량 추천식을 설정하였다. 2. 배추의 질소시비량시험을 통한 화산회토의 실제 질소시비적량은 기존의 추천식을 이용한 시비량과는 큰차이를 보였고 개선된 질소시비 추천식으로부터 산출된 질소 시비량과는 근소한 차이를 보였다. 3. 수화기 T-N 함량 및 질소흡수량은 질소시비량이 증가할수록 많았으나 질소이용 율은 질소시비량이 증가할수록 낮아지는 경향이었다. 4. 화산회토양에서 재배하는 양배추 대한 토양유기물함량에 따른 질소 시비량은 배추대비 질소흡수량을 흡수량비교 계수로 하고 이를 이용하여 양배추의 새로운 질소시비 추천식을 도출하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.372-378
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• 2015

Growing crops under different soil textures may affect crop growth and yield because of soil N availability, soil N leaching, and plant N uptake. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of three different soils (sandy loam, loam, and clay loam) on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) yield, nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE), and water use efficiency (WUE) by subsurface drip fertigation in the greenhouse. Three different soil textures are sandy loam, loam, and clay loam with 3 replications. The dimension of each lysimeter was $1.0m(W){\times}1.5m(L){\times}1.0m(H)$. Cucumber was transplanted on April $8^{th}$ and Aug $16^{th}$ in 2011. The subsurface drip line and tensiometer was installed at 30 and 20 cm soil depth, respectively. An irrigation with $100mg\;NL^{-1}$ concentration was automatically applied when the tensiometer reading was 10 kPa. Volumetric soil water content for cucumber cultivation was the highest in 30 cm soil depth regardless of soil texture and was lowered when soil depth was deeper. The volumetric soil water contents at soil depths of 10, 30, 50, and 70 cm were the highest at clay loam, followed by loam, and sandy loam. The growth of cucumber at the $50^{th}$ day after transplanting was the lowest at sandy loam. Cucumber fruit yields were similar for all three soil textures. The highest amount of water use at sandy loam was observed. Nitrogen and water use efficiencies for cucumber were higher for clay loam, followed by loam and sandy loam, while the amount of N leaching was the greatest under sandy loam, followed by loam, and clay loam. Overall, growing cucumber on either loam or clay loam is better than sandy loam if subsurface drip fertigation is used in the greenhouse.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.5-10
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• 1964

The effects of briquette ashes on the growth of vegetable (cabbage, lettuce, spinach and radish) and their fresh weight under the culture of the soil mixed with the briquette ashes, and on the chemical properties of the soil were investigated. The growth rate of these palnts and chemical properteis of the soil has shown some influence due to different concentration of briquette ashes added to the soil. The increase of growth in cabbage and lettuce was remarkably found by the plot treated with 1/50 concentration of briquette ashes. The fresh weight of vegetable plants was increased with high concentration of briquette ashes, but if the concentration of briquette ashes was too high, it was rather depressed. Chemical properties in the soil after cultivation of the plants were more depressed than before cultivation. In contrast the available nitrogen content in the soil after cultivation was more increased than before cultivation of the plants. The reduction of available nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen was associated with the increasing intensity of briquette ashes, but available phosphorus content was increased with high concentration of briquette ashes, though its content was not so high as the results obtained by Han(8). The values of total exchangeable base and pH in the soils treated with briquette ashes were increased with a high degree of the concentration of ashes. The value of pH was not significant, and pH value of lime plots was higher than that of briquette ashes. The average value of the water content did not show any difference, and the difference of the content of organic matter in the soil in which different vegetable grew into the plots reached to the significance of a 5% level.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2001

To establish the recycling system of animal manure(AM) for environmental preservation and improve the utilization of AM, this study was to investigate the effects of the types and nitrogen application rate of AM on herbage productivity, efficiency of nitrogen utilization, nutritive value and an increase of soil fertility and in mixed grassland. This sudy was arranged in split plot design. Main plots were the types of AM(Cattle feedlot manure, CFM; Pig manure fermented with sawdust, PMFS; cattle sluny, CS) and subplots were the application rate of animal manure, such as 100, 200 and 300kgNiha. I. DM yields of herbage were the highest with CS and decreased by application over ZOOkgNiha AM. 2. Crude protein(CP) ontent was the highest with CFM and followed by CS, and the lowest with PMFS, and increased as application rate of AM increased. 3. Nitrogen(N) yields of CS treatment was higher than that of CFM and CS. and increased significantly as application rate of AM increased(P<0.05). 4. The contents of NDF, ADF and TDN was hardly influenced by the types and application rate of AM. 5. Organic matter(0M) content in the soil was the highest with PMFS and followed by CFM and the lowest with CS. OM content increased significantly as application rate of AM increased(P<0.05). 6. Total nitrogen content of the soil was not affected by the type of AM, but increased significantly as application rate of AM increased(P<0.05). (Key words : Animal manure, Grassland, Cattle feedlot manure, Pig manure fermented with sawdust, Cattle slurry, Soil fertility)

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.40-48
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• 2017

In this study, we evaluated the nitrogen (N) mineralization potential and Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of oil-cake, compost, hairy vetch and barley, which are the most widely used organic amendments in South Korea. The N mineralization potential (No) for organic fertilizers treated soil was highest for the hairy vetch treatment with a value of $18.9mg\;N\;100\;g^{-1}$, followed by oil-cake, barley and compost. The amount of pure N mineralization potentials in hairy vetch, oil-cake, barley and compost treatments were 8.42, 7.62, 3.82 and $3.60mg\;N\;100\;g^{-1}$, respectively. The half-life ($t_{1/2}$) of organic N in soil amended with oil-cake fertilizer mineralized quickly in 17 days. While, $t_{1/2}$ values of organic N for the compost and barley treatments accounted to 44.4 and 44.1 days, respectively. Oil-cake was good in supplying nutrients to plants. Compost and barley inhibited plant growth in the beginning growth stage and this is attributed to N immobilization effect. The results of this study highlight that compost and barley could be used as potential slow release fertilizers in conventional agriculture.