• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.503-512
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• 1995

The present paper describes partial results of the study on the activities of microbes in the soil of Quercus mongolica forest from July, 1994 to April, 1995. To determine the relationship between structure and function of soil microbial ecosystem, the author investigated the seasonal change of physical environmental factors, microbial population and soil enzyme activities. The changes of pH was not significant and the temperature of surface soil was 2℃ higher than lower soil through out the year. Moisture contents (％) of soil samples ranged from 7.64％ to 42.11％. However, soils of site 3 at Mt. Komdan in which vegetation is successional have higher moisture content than the others. The bacterial population increased in summer, but continuously decreased in autumn and winter, and then reincreased again in spring. Bacterial population of surface soil was higher than those of 30 cm depth all the year round. Dehydrogenase activity (DHA) was about two-fold higher throughout in surface soil compared to those of lower soil. And the correlation coefficient between DHA and bacterial population size was 0,713, It was suggested that DHA could be used as a primary index of soil microbial population and activity in soil ecosystem.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.26-67
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• 2020

영상레이더(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)는 기상조건이나 주야, 일조에 상관없이 지표면을 촬영할 수 있고, 토양수분이나 지하수 등 수문인자의 탐색이 가능하여 수자원 분야에서 그 중요성이 점차 두드러지고 있다. SAR는 1970년대부터 인공위성에 탑재되기 시작하여 2020년 현재 15기 이상의 SAR 위성이 운용되고 있고 향후 5년 내에도 10기 내외의 위성이 발사될 예정이다. 최근에는 관측 폭 및 해상도 증진, 다중 편파 및 다중주파수, 관측 각도의 다양화 등 다양한 형태의 SAR 기술들이 개발 및 활용 중이다. 이에 본 고에서는 SAR 시스템의 간략한 역사와 더불어 토양수분 및 수문인자 산출과 관련된 연구동향을 조사하였다. 현재까지 SAR 위성을 활용하여 산출 가능한 수문인자는 토양수분, 해저지하수유출, 강수, 적설분포면적, 식생지수 등이 있으며, 그 중 토양수분은 물리적 모델인 IEM(Integral Equation Model)과 인공지능 기반의 ANN(Artificial Neural Network)을 대표적으로 활용하여 우리나라를 포함한 북미, 유럽, 인도 등 총 17개국에서 연구가 진행되고 있다. 위성 탑재체는 RADARSAT-1, ENVISAT ASAR, 그리고 ERS-1/2가 가장 많이 사용되었으나 현재는 운영이 종료되었으며, 현재 운영 중인 RADARSAT-2, Sentinel-1, SMAP 등의 활용도 점차 늘어나고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 우리나라는 2025년 발사를 목표로 C-band SAR를 탑재한 수자원·수재해 중형위성을 개발 중이므로, SAR를 이용한 다양한 수문인자 산출 연구가 활성화될 것으로 예상된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권10호
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• pp.281-289
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• 2017

Background: In this study, the growth and reproductive response of seedlings, grown in plastic pots with sand, to moisture and nutrients were analyzed in order to study the environmental conditions required to create an alternative habitat for Epilobium hirsutum L., an endangered plant. Results: Vegetative and reproductive growths of Epilobium hirsutum L. are accelerated with increase in moisture and organic matter content in the soil. Among vegetative organs, the number of runners related to asexual reproduction was the highest when the moisture content was over 25% and nutrient content between 7 and 14% in the soil. But the number of flowers related to flowering responses, among reproductive organs, was the highest when the moisture content was maintained at 75% and when nutrient content was 21% in the soil. The number of seeds, related to sexual reproduction, was the highest when the moisture content was over 25% and nutrient content between 14 and 21%. Conclusions: The study results show that a place with high moisture and nutrient content in the soil is advantageous to asexual and sexual reproduction of Epilobium hirsutum L. Therefore, we must serve periodically nutrient and seeds to sustain population in in situ conservation. Furthermore, it is advisable to create in riverside where abundant nutrient content have, making alternative habitat of Epilobium hirsutum L. Also, we must find species that have high contribution degree index through vegetation survey.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.157-167
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• 2016

The interspecific estimation for tolerance capacities of upland crop species to excessive soil water stress in paddy field is significant in agricultural practices. Most of upland crops can be damaged by either excessive soil water or capillary rise of the water table during rainy season in paddy fields. The major objective of this study was to evaluate water stress of upland crops under different drainage classes in converted paddy field. This experiment was carried out in poorly drained soil (PDS) and imperfectly drained soil (IDS) of alluvial sloping area located at Toero-ri, Bubuk-myeon, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The soil was Gagog series, which was a member of the fine silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Aeric Endoaquepts (Low Humic-Gley soils). Two drainage methods, namely under Open ditch drainage methods (ODM) and, Closed pipe drainage methods (PDM) were installed within 1-m position at the lower edge of the upper paddy fields. The results showed that sum of excess water days ($SWD_{30}$), which was used to represent the moisture stress index, was 42 days (the lowest) in the PDM compared with 110 days in the ODM. Most of upland crops were more susceptible to excessive soil water during panicle initial stage on more PDS than on IDS. Yield of upland crops in the PDM was continuously increased by the rate of 15.1% on sorghum, 15.4% foxtail millet, 53.6% proso millet, 49.6% soybean and 47.9% adzuki bean as compared in the ODM. The capacity for tolerance by excessive soil water based on yield of each upland crop in the poorly drained sloping paddy fields was the order of sorghum, soybean, foxtail millet, proso millet and adzuki bean. Therefore, Sorghum is relatively tolerant to excessive soil water conditions and, may be grown successfully in converted paddy field.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.961-969
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• 2003

토양수분 분포의 시공간적인 예측을 위하여 유사 동력학 상태의 습윤지수 계산과정을 정리하였고, 우량 자료를 회귀적분한 동력학적 습윤지수의 계산 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 설마천 유역의 수치고도 모형과 2년간의 우량자료를 활용하여 동력학적 상태의 습윤지수의 시ㆍ공간적인 거동을 분석하였다. 공간적인 거동은 동력학적인 습윤지수가 유사 동력학적 상태나 정적인 습윤지수와 비교하여 흐름분산 특성이 강조된 분포특성을 보여주었다. 통계적인 특성으로는 시간이 경과함에 따라 유사동력학적 습윤지수나 동력학적 습윤지수 모두 정상상태 습윤지수에 근접하나, 동력학적 습윤지수의 경우 두 개의 상이한 분포특성이 나타났다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2016

Forest degradation reduces ecosystem services provided by forest and could lead to change in composition of species. In North Korea, there has been significant forest degradation due to conversion of forest into terrace fields for food production and cut-down of forest for fuel woods. This study analyzed the phenological changes in North Korea, in terms of vegetation and moisture in soil and vegetation, from March to Octorber 2013, using MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) images and indexes including NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), NDSI (Normalized Difference Soil Index), and NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index). In addition, marginal farmland was derived using elevation data. Lastly, degraded terrace fields of 16 degree was analyzed using NDVI, NDSI, and NDWI indexes, and marginal farmland characteristics with slope variable. The accuracy value of land cover classification, which shows the difference between the observation and analyzed value, was 84.9% and Kappa value was 0.82. The highest accuracy value was from agricultural (paddy, field) and forest area. Terrace fields were easily identified using slope data form agricultural field. Use of NDVI, NDSI, and NDWI is more effective in distinguishing deforested terrace field from agricultural area. NDVI only shows vegetation difference whereas NDSI classifies soil moisture values and NDWI classifies abandoned agricultural fields based on moisture values. The method used in this study allowed more effective identification of deforested terrace fields, which visually illustrates forest degradation problem in North Korea.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.130-136
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• 2020

There are many problems that occur currently in agriculture industries. The problems such as unexpected of changing weather condition, lack of labor, dry soil were some of the reasons that may cause the growth of the plants. Condition of the weather in local area is inconsistent due to the global warming effect thus affecting the production of the crops. Furthermore, the loss of farm labor to urban manufacturing jobs is also the problem in this industry. Besides, the condition for the plant like air humidity, air temperature, air quality index, and soil moisture are not being recorded automatically which is more reason for the need of implementation system to monitor the data for future research and development of agriculture industry. As of this, we aim to provide a solution by developing IoT-based platform along with the irrigation for increasing crop quality and productivity in agriculture field. We aim to develop a smart garden system environment which the system is able to auto-monitoring the humidity and temperature of surroundings, air quality and soil moisture. The system also has the capability of automating the irrigation process by analyzing the moisture of soil and the climate condition (like raining). Besides, we aim to develop user-friendly system interface to monitor the data collected from the respective sensor. We adopt an open source hardware to implementation and evaluate this research.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제38권6_3호
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• pp.1847-1859
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• 2022

북한에서 발생한 산불은 비무장지대 등으로 남하하는 경우 우리나라에 직·간접적인 영향을 줄 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 정보 접근불능 지역인 북한의 산불위험정보를 획득하기 위하여 Local Data Assimilation and Prediction System (LDAPS) 기상자료 기반의 지역 최적화된 산불위험지수 Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI)를 산출하고, 2022년 4월 북한 고성군과 철원군의 산불 사례에 적용하였다. 그 결과 발화일 당시 FFDI가 각각 위험등급 Extreme과 Severe 구간에 해당하여 적합성을 확인하였다. 또한 산불 발생 전후의 위험도지도와 토양수분지도를 정성적으로 비교한 결과 상호 관계성을 파악하였으며, 향후 토양수분, 표준화강수지수(Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI), 식생수분지수(Normalized Difference Water Index, NDWI) 등을 결합하는 방식으로 산불발생위험지수의 개선이 필요하다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권5_3호
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• pp.695-702
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate to determine seasonal variation of dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase activity, adenosine tri-phosphate content and some physicochemical properties, such as soil pH, moisture content, organic matter and several heavy metal concentrations from Apr. 1997 to jan. 1998 in Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forest in Mt. Nam, to explain a relationship between enzyme activity and the soil factors. There were ranges of 4.03-4.65 in soil pH, 18.65-51.09% in moisture content and 6.69-95.95% in orgainc matter. The organic matter content decreased with soil horizon, showing the higher values in Q. mongolica forest. In comparison to the results of Kawngneung site as control area, there were slightly differences due to a development level of forest ecosystem and microbial degradation of organic matter. The heavy metal concentrations showed 32.50-75.55 ${\mu}g/g$ in Cu, 69.33-134.84 ${\mu}g/g$ in Zn, 57.02-150.32 ${\mu}g/g$ in Pb, and 0.36-1.00 ${\mu}g/g$ in Mt. Nam. These values are higher than in Kwangneung site because of long-term exposure to air pollutants from central city. On the other hand, ATP contents in Mt. Nam were lower than in Kawngneung site in relation to soil organic matter, moisture content and relatively high heavy metal concentrations. ATP contents per soil weight was largest in F+H layer and in spring time of other seasons. Dehydrogenase activity as an index of soil microbial activity had a ranges of 170.67-1,221.66 ${\mu}g$ TPF/g that showed lower values than in Kawngneung site. However, phophatase activity had a contray tendency due to P fertilization for a continuous management. Those values increased through spring to a maximum in the summer and fall in autumn. This is basically caused by metabolic state of soil on the biological activity and several and several factors, such as aeration, soil temperature, vegetation and microflora.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2012

다편파 레이더 산란계 시스템 (L, C, X-밴드 안테나)에서 얻어진 편파별 후방산란계수와 토양수분함량과의 상관성을 분석하고 후방산란계수를 이용 토양수분함량을 추정하고자 하였다. 콩 생육시기에 따른 밴드별 후방산란계수 변화 관측 결과 L-밴드 후방산란계수가 C-, X-밴드후방산란계수보다 높게 나타났고, 모든 안테나 밴드에서 콩 생육초기에는 VV-편파가 HH, HV-편파보다 후방산란계수가 높게 나타났다. HH-편파가 VV-편파보다 후방산란계수가 높게 나타나는 시기는 밴드에 따라 차이를 보였다. L-밴드의 경우 7월 20일 (DOY 200), C, X-밴드는 7월 30일 (DOY 210)부터 HH-편파가 다른 편파들 보다 후방산란계수가 높게 나타났다. 모든 안테나 편파별 후방산란계수가 9월 29일 (DOY 271)에 최대값을 보였고, 그 이후 수확기 (DOY 294) 까지 감소하였다. L-밴드 HH-편파와 VV-편파 간의 차이는 꼬투리가 생성되는 착협기 (R3, DOY 228) 부터 다른 밴드에 비해 크게 나타났고, 반면에 C-밴드 HH-편파와 VV-편파 간의 차이는 착협성기 (R4, DOY 242) 이후 증가폭이 크게 나타났다. 후방산란계수와 토양수분함량과의 변화를 분석한 결과 생육기간동안 토양수분함량 변이가 컸고, 전체 생육기간에서는 모든 밴드별 후방산란계수와 토양수분함량 간에 상관성이 나타나지 않았다. 하지만 엽면적지수가 2 이하 (R2, DOY 224) 일 때 후방산란계수가 증가함에 따라 토양수분함량도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 밴드별 후방산란계수와 토양수분함량과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 전체 생육기간에서는 모든 밴드에서 두 변수간의 상관계수가 낮게 나타났다 ($r{\leq}0.50$). 반면에 엽면적지수 2 이하 일 때 모든 밴드에서 후방산란계수와 토양수분함량과의 상관계수가 전체 생육단계에서 조사한 것 보다 높게 나타났다. L-밴드 후방산란계수가 C-, X-밴드 후방산란계수 보다 토양수분함량과의 상관성이 높게 나타났고 ($r{\geq}0.84$), L-밴드 HH-편파가 상관계수가 가장 높았다 (r=0.90). X-밴드 후방산란계수는 L-, C-밴드 후방산란계수보다 상관계수가 낮게 나타났다 ($r{\leq}0.71$). 후방산란계수를 이용하여 토양수분함량 추정 모형식을 작성하였다. L-밴드 HH-편파 후방산란계수와 토양수분함량과의 관계를 비교해 본 결과 결정계수가 높게 나타났다($R^2=0.92$). 본 연구를 통해 레이더 산란계 시스템에서 얻어진 후방산란계수를 이용하여 토양수분함량을 추정할 수 있음을 확인하였다.