• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1030-1039
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• 1999

The effect of surfactant mixture 9on detergency and soil redeposition in a dry-cleaning system was investigated employing Aerosol OT as an anionic surfactant and Span 80 as a nonionic surfactant. The effect of charge system on soil deposition was also investigated in order to determine the optimum condition at which soil redeposition is minimum,. Soil deposition instead of soil redeposition on cotton, polyester and wool fabrics was measured employing petroleum solvent and perchloroethylene as organic solvents. The results were as follows. 1. Surface tension or interfacial tension was not changed by the addition of any surfactant or surfactant mixtures. In petroleum solvent however interfacial tension between solrent and water decreased when surfactants were added and increased when surfactants were mixed,. 2. The maximum amount of water solubilization increased as the mole fraction of Aerosol OT increased and more water was solubilized in petroleum solvent than in perchloroethylene. 3. The detergency of cotton was greater and the soil deposition rate was lower in Span 80 solution than in Aerosol OT solution. The soil deposition on cotton fabric decreased when water was solubilized in Aersol OT solution 4. The detergency and soil deposition rate of polyester fabric did not change by the surfactant type of the addition of surfactant mixture and soil deposition rate increased bywater solubilization. 5. Soil deposition on wool fabric was very high when Arosol OT was employed in perchloroethylene and the soil deposition did not change greatly by water solubilization.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2017

In the event of toxic gas accidents, soil deposition is a main factor which has an effect on extent of the damage. In this study, it presents the influence of soil deposition properties according to the change of soil depth and the organic matter contents in soil. In this experimentation, the soil deposition device developed in Air Force Research Laboratory in USA is recreated. The tested samples of mixing soil have each value of the organic matter contents. After a variety of synthetic soil were exposed to constant Cl2 concentration, the chlorinity is measured using an anion exchange chromatography(ICS-1100) to quantify the mount of deposition. As the results, the increase of soil depth causes an decreased soil deposition and the increase of exposure time causes an increased soil deposition in surface. Also, the increase of soil deposition mainly depended on the organic matter contents in surface.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.447-447
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• 2023

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a critical indicator of soil fertility. Its importance in maintaining ecological balance has received widespread attention. However, global temperatures have risen by 0.8℃ since the late 1800s due to human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in severe disruptions in SOC dynamics. To study the impacts of temperature variations on SOC and soil respiration, we used the Soil Carbon and Landscape co-Evolution (SCALE) model, which was capable of estimating the spatial distribution of soil carbon dynamics. The study site was located at Heshan Farm (125°20'10.5"E, 49°00'23.1"N), Nenjiang County in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. We validated the model using observed soil organic carbon and soil respiration in 2015 and achieved excellent agreement between observed and modeled variables. Our results showed considerable influences of temperature increases on SOC and soil respiration rates at both erosion and deposition areas. In particular, changes in SOC and soil respiration at the deposition area were greater than at the erosion area. Our study highlights that the impacts of temperature elevations are considerably dependent on soil erosion and deposition processes. Thus, it is important to implement effective soil conservation strategies to maintain soil fertility under global warming.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.199-208
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• 2013

Mercury exchange fluxes between atmosphere and soil surface were measured in two different types of soils; lawn soil (LS) and forest soil (FS). Average Hg emission from LS was higher than from FS although the soil Hg content was more than 2 times higher in forest soil. In LS, Hg emissions were much greater in warm season than in cold season; however, deposition was dominant in FS during warm season because of leafy trees blocking the solar radiation reaching on the soil surface. In both LS and FS, Hg fluxes showed significantly positive correlations with UV radiation and soil surface temperature during cold season. In addition, it was observed that emission showed positive correlation with UV radiation and soil temperature while there was negative relationship between deposition and UV radiation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 1982

The removal and redeposition of particulate soil occur simultaneously during the washing process. In order to investigate variables which affect on the redeposition of particulate soil, cotton lawn was soiled in the ion oxide black suspension using Launder-O meter. The amount of deposited soil was estimated by means of the spectrometric analysis of iron on the fabric after soiled. The results are as follows: 1. The presence of surfactants b suspension decreased the deposition of particulate soil and the most effective surfactant was soap and the descending order was NaDBS>CTAB>PONPE. 2. The influnce of temperature on soil deposition was considerable, soil deposition was gradually increased with elevating temperature in ionic surfactants solution such as NaDBS and CTAB but that was decreased above $40^{\circ}C$ in nonionic surfactant solution. 3. The tendency of soil deposition was dwindled by adding electrolytes especially in case of polyvalent anions. 4. From the results of the experiments redeposition of particulate soil was related with suspending power of surfactants and was influenced by factors varing zeta potential.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.31-44
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• 1999

Atmospheric dry deposition flux and ambient particle mass size distribution were measured to evaluate the impact of atmospheric deposition around the Nanjido landfill sites. Wind direction affects greatly on the variation of mass flux and mass size distribution and made two times higher when the wind was blown from the road side. The effect of Nanjido landfill on the mass size distribution was significant comparing to simultaneously measured mass size distribution at the other sampling site. The results showed that the particle diameter bigger than $10{\mu}m$ explained the majority of atmospheric dry deposition flux. A survey was also carried out to investigate the contamination of soils in a completed Nanjido landfill. The chemical properties of the soil analyzed in the present study include pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), anion and cation concentration, total organic carbon(TOC), and some-metal elements concentrations were analyzed. Microbial activity in the soils was also evaluated by measuring dehydrogenase activities. TOC in the soil contaminated with leachate was $467.0{\mu}g/g-dry$ soil, and the TOC in the soil, where Nanjido landfill gases were emitted from, was $675{\mu}g/g-dry$ soil. The highest microbial activity of $968.0{\sim}2147{\mu}g-TPF/g-dry$ soil day was found in the soil spouting Nanjido landfill gases. Compared with those in the uncontaminated soil, the concentrations of Cr, Cu and Ph in the contaminated soil were higher.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.18-30
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• 2006

This paper describes the cumulative deposition of fallout Pu in soil and lichen at the present time and give the characteristics of fallout Pu deposits in the soil. In the soil of the forest, the accumulated depositions of $^{239,240}Pu$ were estimated to be in the range of 34.0 to $101.2Bq\;m^{-2}$ with an average value of $65.3{\pm}21.6Bq\;m^{-2}$. The average inventory of $^{239,240}Pu$ in the forest was calculated to be two times higher than that in the hill. Also, the deposited activities of $^{239,240}Pu$ in cultivated soil were significantly lower than those in the hill or forest. However, the cumulative depositions of fallout Pu in the volcanic ash soil on Cheju Island were much higher than those in the forest and hill soils. The measured activity concentrations of Pu isotopes in lichens and mosses showed large variations, due to characteristics of species and life span of lichen and moss colonies. From depth profiles, it was found that most of the fallout Pu has been accumulated in upper 10 cm layer of soil. Except for a few cases, the concentrations of $^{239,240}Pu$ in soil tended to decrease exponentially with increasing soil depth. Among parameters affecting the cumulative deposition of fallout Pu, organic substances and rainfall play an important role in the retention and relative mobility of fallout Pu in the soil. However, pH showed a weak correlation with the deposition of fallout Pu in the soil. From sequential leaching experiments, Pu was found to be associated predominantly with the "organic" and "oxy-hydroxy" fractions. Both the activity ratios of $^{238}Pu/^{239,240}Pu$ and $^{241}Pu/^{239,240}Pu$ in soils, lichens and mosses and the atomic ratios of $^{240}Pu/^{239}Pu$ in soils are close to those observed in the cumulative deposit global fallout from nuclear weapon testings. The results obtained from this research make it possible to interpret and predict the behavior of fallout Pu under natural conditions.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 2001

A grid-based KIneMatic wave soil-water EROsion and deposition Model(KIMEROM) that predicts temporal variation and spatial distribution of sediment transport in a watershed was developed. This model uses ASCII-formatted map data supported from the regular gridded map of GRASS (U.S. Army CERL, 1993)-GIS(Geographic Information Systems), and generates the distributed results by ASCII-formatted map data. For hydrologic process, the kinematic wave equation and Darcy equation were used to simulated surface and subsurface flow, respectively (Kim, 1998; Kim et al., 1998). For soil erosion process, the physically-based soil erosion concept by Rose and Hairsine (1988) was used to simulate soil-water erosion and deposition. The model adopts single overland flowpath algorithm and simulates surface and subsurface water depth, and sediment concentration at each grid element for a given time increment. The model was tested to a 162.3 $\textrm{km}^2$ watershed located in the tideland reclaimed ares of South Korea. After the hydrologic calibration for two storm events in 1999, the results of sediment transport were presented for the same storm events. The results of temporal variation and spatial distribution of overland flow and sediment areas are shown using GRASS.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.409-417
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• 2020

Investigation was carried out to assess the effect of cement dust deposition on the physico-chemical properties of soil near some cement plants in Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya. Soil samples were collected and analysed and compared with the control site. Comparison of various soil physico-chemical parameters revealed that cement dust emanating from cement plants has changed the soil quality in the surrounding areas of cement plants. The normal soil pH in the area is generally acidic. However, due to the continuous deposition of cement dust soil pH was found slightly alkaline near the cement plants. The higher values of soil parameters such as electrical conductivity and bulk density were also noticed near the cement plants. However, lower values of water holding capacity, soil moisture content, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content were found compared to the control sites. The effect of cement dust deposition on soil is more in areas nearer to the cement plants. At present the changes may not be so serious but if this trend continues, soil properties of a vast area around the cement plants are likely to change leading to multiple effects on flora, fauna and socio-economy of the area.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.279-284
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• 2008

We investigated whether carboxylate exudation of Brassica pekinensis Rupr. was affected by nitrate deposition from simulated acid rain. A gas chromatographic (GC) analysis was employed for the determination of low molecular weight organic acids (LOA) in rhizosphere soils, bulk soil, roots and leaves of Brassica pekinensis Rupr.. Rhizosphere soils were collected after 8 weeks of plant growth by first removing the bulk soil from the root system and then by mechanical move off the rhizosphere soil that adhered to the root surface with soft brush. Soil and plant materials were simultaneously extracted with the mixture of methanol and sulfuric acid (100:7, v/v). Seven organic acids, oxalic, malonic, fumaric, succinic, maleic, L-malic and citric acid were identified and quantified by GC equipped with FID. Oxalic, L-malic, and citric acids were found in both the bulk and rhizosphere soils, while most LOAs were not detected in the control treatment. On the contrary, except maleic acid, all other organic acids were detected in the leaves and roots of cabbages treated with nitrate deposition.