• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2005

USGA green specification is currently accepted in construction method of Korea. This study was carried out to find the factors influencing growth of turfgrass associated with soil physical properties of soil root-zone on golf green constructed with USGA method. Three putting greens in poor turfgrass and one in good turfgrass condition were selected for investigation on one golf course site at mid-South Korean peninsula. Soil hardness, moisture content, root length, and turf density were measured on-site greens, and soil physical properties and soil chemical properties also analyzed in laboratory. As a result of on-site surveys and soil physical tests in laboratory, soil physical properties were most important factors which influenced on turfgrass growth at tested greens. The results of soil particle analysis on green No. 2, in good turf condition, matched USGA sand particle recommendations. But those greens such as Nos. 1, 11 and 16, in poor putting greens, showed high soil compaction and improper soil particle distribution. Those factors created low leaf density, poor root depth, and higher moisture content compared with lower part of topsoil. Such phenomena caused inadequate turfgrass growth with soil hardening associated with poor drainage. Therefore, declines of soil physical properties associated with improper particle distribution caused a major factor influencing on turfgrass growth in golf green. Adequate test of soil particle analysis by USGA specification and proper construction method followed by adequate turf maintenance should be performed to obtain optimal turf quality on putting green.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.197-199
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• 1991

Growth of ginseng and physical properties of soil were compared with bed height in experimental plots of sand loam for four year and clay loam soil for three year old ginseng plants, respectively. Field survey was also carried out to compare yield and soil physical properties with bed height in the same fold of six years old ginseng fields. High yield of ginseng root was observed at high bed both in the experimental plots and field survey as well. The rate of rusty root was significantly reduced at high bed. Soil porosity increased but soil hardness decreased at high bed.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2003

A computer simulation was carried out to determinate the optimum capacity of bulk type trailer which is used as a tractor attachment. Soil physical properties. such as soil moisture content. bulk density, soil hardness and soil texture were measured in the 10 major rice production area for computer simulation. Mathematical model which include soil physical properties and vehicle factor was used for computer simulation. Most of the soil texture of the investigated area was silty loam. Soil moisture content ranged between 30 and 40% mostly. Soil bulk density was in the range of 1.500 to 1.700 kg/㎥. Soil hardness ranged between 1 to 18 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$. Soil hardness incorporate the effects of many soil physical properties such as moisture content texture and bulk density, and so the range of soil hardness was greater than any other physical properties. The capacity of bulk type trailer was above 3000 kg$_{f}$ fer the most of the investigated area. and mostly in the range of 4000 to 6000 kg$_{f}$ depending upon the slip. But for the soft soil area such as Andong and Namyang. tractor itself had mobility problem and showed minus trailer capacity for some places. For this area. the capacity of bulk type trailer ranged between 1000 and 2000 kg$_{f}$ mostly so bulk type trailer should be designed as a small capacity compared to the other area.ared to the other area. area.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2013

Due to its high salt content and poor physical properties in reclaimed tidal lands, it is important to ameliorate soil physical properties to improve the efficiency of desalination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes of soil properties at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal saline soil with various soil amendments. Field experiment was conducted at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land in Korea and the dominant soil series was Munpo series (coarse loamy, mixed, nonacid, Mesic, Typic, Fluvaquents). Woodchips, crushed-stone, oyster shell, coal bottom ash, and rice hull were added as soil amendments and mixed into surface soil to improve soil physical properties. There was large variability in soil hardness, but oyster shell treatment was significantly lower soil hardness at surface layer. Soil hardness was not significantly different below 15 cm depth. Infiltration rate was also significantly greater at oyster shell treatment. This may be due to the leaching of Ca ions from oyster shell and improved soil properties. However, there was no statistical significant difference of the soil bulk density, moisture content, and porosity. Improved physical properties increased desalinization rate in soil and retarded the resalinization rate when evapotranspiration rate was high. Although soil salinity was significantly decreased with oyster shell amendment, soil pH was increased that should be made up as a soil amendment. Our results indicated that oyster shell application increased infiltration rate and improved soil hardness, and thus oyster shell could be used to improve soil salinity level at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal saline soil.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.287-290
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• 1995

This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of physical properties of soil in nursery bed with different densities on growth of ginseng seedling. Stem length, leaf length and leaf width of ginseng seedling showed the decreasing tendency with increasing the hardness of the nursery soil. Fresh root weight per seedling and number of available seedlings were increased significantly with decrease of the soil hardness. For solid, liquid phases, bulk density and hardness of soil, negative correlations were shown in stem length, leaf length, leaf width, root weight per seeding, and number t of available seedlings. On the other hand, gas phase, air permeability and porosity of soil had positive correlations with stem length, leaf length, leaf width, root weight per seedling and number of available seedlings. Key words Yang-Jik nursery, ginseng seedling, soil physical properties.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2007

Soil physical properties in organic farming apple orchard were evaluated in relation to conventional farming to better understand the effects of organic farming system on soil quality. Two adjacent apple orchards, matched by soil type, were chosen to ensure the same pedological conditions except management system. Soil samples were collected from middle of two adjacent trees along the tree line at two depths of 5-20 and 20-35 cm in September 2006. Contents of organic matter in organic farming soil were twice as much as those found in soil of conventional farming. The higher level of organic matter in organic farming soil was reflected through a consequent trend in improved soil physical properties. Organic farming produced greater aggregation in >2 mm size and increased aggregate stability. Bulk density was lower by 13% and hence porosity was higher in soils of organic farming as compared with conventional farming. Water holding capacity was significantly greater with organic farming by >17% over conventional farming. The capacity of organic farming to improve soil physical properties can be contributed to the regular application of relatively large amount of organic materials and the sustainable ground-cover managements, mulching with compost and cover crop cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.549-555
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• 2013

Human influence on soil formation has dramatically increased as the development of human civilization and industry. Increase of anthropogenic soils induced research of those soils; classification, chemical and physical characteristics and plant growth of anthropogenic soils. However there have been no reports on soil pore properties from the anthropogenic soils so far. Therefore the objectives of this study were to test computer tomography (CT) to characterize physical properties of an anthropogenic paddy field soil and to find differences between natural and anthropogenic paddy field soils. Soil samples of a natural paddy field were taken from Ansung, Gyeonggi-do (Ansung site), and samples of an anthropogenic paddy field were from Gumi in Gyeongsangnam-do (Gasan) where paddy fields were remodeled in 2011-2012. Samples were taken at three different depths and analyzed for routine physical properties and CT scans. CT scan provided 3 dimensional images to calculate pore size, length and tortuosity of soil pores. Fractal analysis was applied to quantify pore structure within soil images. The results of measured physical properties (bulk density, porosity) did not show differences across depths and sites, but hardness and water content had differences. These differences repeated within the results of pore morphology. Top soil samples from both sites had greater pore numbers and sizes than others. Fractal analyses showed that top soils had more heterogeneous pore structures than others. The bottom layer of the Gasan site showed more degradation of pore properties than ploughpan and bottom layers from the Ansung site. These results concluded that anthropogenic soils may have more degraded pore properties as depth increases. The remodeled paddy fields may need more fundamental remediation to improve physical conditions. This study suggests that pore analyses using CT can provide important information of physical conditions from anthropogenic soils.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.807-812
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• 2016

Soil amendment, especially addition of clay minerals, has been widely conducted to improve the physical and chemical properties of cultivated soils. However, there are no systematic studies on the effects of the structural type of clay minerals added. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of structural type of clay minerals on physical properties of soils. Two experimental soils, layer-dominant and granule-dominant ones, were mixed with either a layer-type smectite or a granule-type zeolite at a level of 2.0 wt%. It was observed that water permeability of soils was decreased by smectite whereas not significantly changed by zeolite. This effect was much greater in layered clay-dominant soil than in granular clay-dominant soil. Our results clearly indicated that the relationship of structural type between a soil and an amendment plays a decisive role in the soil properties. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the structural types of both soil and amendment be taken into consideration for soil amendment by clay minerals.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.719-727
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• 2022

The soil physical and chemical properties are the main factors that influence plant productivity and soil fertility. Since 1999, South Korea has been conducting a survey on changes in the agricultural environment survey every four years. The purpose of the present study is to monitor the physical and chemical properties of soil in Chungcheongbuk-do. Soil samples were collected from the exact sites of the aforementioned environment survey, and land use and cultivated crops were also investigated. From a Pearson correlation analysis, it was found that the total carbon contents were most negatively affected by the soil depth. The bulk density of soil increased up to a depth of 40 cm but decreased to a depth of 60 cm. The porosity and moisture of soil generally decreased, but the porosity increased at a depth of 50 - 60 cm. Chemical properties of soil gradually decreased with an increase of the soil depth from 0 to 70 cm, but little change was observed in soil pH with soil depth. In addition, the organic matter contents of the soil at a depth of 30 cm or more were below the optimal range. The soil of Chungcheongbuk-do thus requires organic matter application as a whole, and correction of items that are partially out of the optimal range is necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 1998

To investigate the restoration progression on soil physical properties and vegetation at the surface of logging road affected by timber harvesting operation. This study was carried out at logging roads constructed from 1989 to 1994 in Mt. Baekwoon, Kwangyang, Chollanam-do. Judging from the analysis of soil hardness, there were significant changes in the depth of soil between 5 and 10cm. Soil hardness was recovered from the compacted condition to the natural forest condition after 9 years passed. Soil macroporous ratio (pF2.7) of topsoil was higher than that of deep soil. Soil moisture retention of topsoil was more improved than that of deep soil. From the view of soil bulk density, the necessary time for recovering to the undisturbed condition of forest soil was about 10 years in the logging road left. Soil physical properties such as soil bulk density and porous ratio were recovered as time passed. Improved soil physical properties promoted the plant recovery on the logging road surface. The dominant species on the logging roads were Comus kousa, Prunus sargentii as overstory species, Rubus crataegifolius, Lespedeza bicolor as understory species, and Saussurea gracilis, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum as herbaceous species. The plant recovery of bank-slopes was faster than that of cut-slopes and road surface. In progress of year, average plant coverage were 70 to 90% in cut- and bank-slopes and 30 to 60% on the logging road, surface which was elapsed 9 years after logging road construction. Therefore, additional planting and seeding work could be effective to the soil condition and vegetation restoration.