• 환경정책연구
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.39-67
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• 2005

토양오염에 관련된 토양환경보전법의 주요 용어인 토양, 토양오염, 토양오염부지, 정화에 대해 미국, 영국, 네덜란드, 독일, 덴마크의 주요 법에서 나타난 용어와 비교 분석하였다. 토양오염에 관련된 주요 용어의 정의는 국가별로 내용과 수준이 다르다. 이는 각국에서의 토양오염이 실태가 다르고 또한 사회적 문제에서 이들이 차지하는 비중이 동일하지 않으며, 국가별로 토양오염을 방지하고 토양오염의 위해성을 저감하기 위한 이들 국가들의 법과 사회의 발전 배경, 추구하는 토양환경보전정책의 목표와 접근방법이 같지 아니하기 때문일 것이다. 우리나라의 실정과 외국의 관련법, 이들 법의 마련 배경 등을 종합적으로 고려할 때, 토양환경보전법에서 다루는 토양의 정의는 신설되어야 할 것이고, 토양의 정의에는 토양화 과정을 거쳐 생성된 자연적인 지표층을 포함하고 지하수와 하수층을 제외하는 토양의 범위가 제시되는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 토양오염의 정의에는 위해성 평가의 개념(토양오염물질, 경로, 수용체), 토지 이용, 경제적 개념, 토양오염의 인정한계가 포함되어야 할 것이다. 토양오염의 발생주체에 따라 대상 부지의 토양오염여부가 결정될 수 있는 토양환경보전법 제2조 제1호는 대상 부지의 위해성에 의해서 토양오염여부가 결정되는 내용으로 변경해야 할 것이다. 토양오염부지의 정의는 i) 토양오염물질 등을 포함한 토양오염, ii) 위해성에 근거한 토양오염부지의 설정, iii) 토지 이용, iv) 토양오염부지 설정의 한계에 관한 개념을 적절하게 혼합하여 마련할 수 있을 것이다. 토양오염지역 정화의 정의에는 정화의 목표, 목적, 행위, 방법과 범위, 정화의 한계가 포함되어야 할 것이다. 금번 연구에서 제안하고 있는 용어의 정의는 우리 나라 토양오염지역의 조사, 복원, 해제에 관한 법, 제도의 효율성을 제고할 것이다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.345-350
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• 2000

하남시 토양 전체를 대상으로 논, 밭, 산림, 하천유역 및 기타 지역(도심지, 나대지, 시 외각 마을)을 대표할 수 있는 지점을 선정하여 총 100점의 시료를 채취하고 As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn의 함량을 분석하여 우리나라 자연함량, Taiwan의 도시 토양 중 중금속 함량, 환경부가 정한 토양환경보전법상의 우려기준과 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 분석한 중금속 As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn의 평균농도는 각각 0.24, 0.14, 3.69, 3.03, 18.31ppm로 환경부가 제정한 토양보전법상의 우려기준보다 모두 낮은 값을 나타내었으며 우리나라의 자연준위와 비슷한 수준이었다. 그러나 Cd의 경우와 같이 일부 지점에서는 토양환경보전법상의 우려기준은 물론 대책기준을 초과하는 높은 값을 보여 정밀 조사가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.157-181
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• 2020

하천, 호소 및 해양항만의 퇴적물은 수계로 배출된 오염물질의 종착점이면서 동시에 지속적으로 오염물질을 수계로 배출하는 오염원(source)으로 작용한다. 지금까지 오염퇴적물은 육상매립 또는 해양투기해왔던 것이 현실이었다. 하지만 육상매립은 고 비용, 해양투기는 런던협약으로 인해 전면 금지되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 대상부지인 왕궁축산단지의 오염퇴적토를 대상으로 토양정화방법을 적용하여 연구하였다. 토양정화방법은 해외 적용사례와 국내 처리 가능한 적용기술을 선별하여 전처리, 퇴비화, 토양세척, 동전기, 열탈착을 적용하였다. 오염특성파악을 위한 대상 부지 조사결과 수질은 용존산소(Disolved Oxigen, DO), 부유물질(Suspended Solid, SS), 화학적산소요구량(Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD), 총질소(Total Nitrogen, TN), 총인(Total Phosphorus, TP) 이 방류수 수질기준을 초과하였고 특히 SS, COD, TN, TP는 기준을 수십 배에서 수백 배 초과하였다. 토양은 돼지사료의 성장을 촉진하는 구리, 아연의 농도가 높게 나타났으며, 카드뮴이 토양환경보전법 기준치 1지역을 상회하였다. 전처리기술은 하이드로사이클론을 활용하여 입도분리를 실시하였으며, 미세토양이 80% 이상 분리되어 선별효율이 높게 나타났다. 퇴비화는 유기물 및 석유계 총 탄화수소(Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon, TPH) 오염토양을 대상으로 실시하였으며, TPH는 우려기준 이내로 처리되었고, 유기물의 경우 대장균이 높게 분석되어 70℃에서 퇴비화 최적조건을 적용하여 비료규격을 만족하였으나 비료규격에 비하여는 유기물함량이 낮게 분석되었다. 토양세척은 연속추출시험결과 Cd는 미세토에서 5단계인 잔류성(Residual)물질이 확연하게 존재하였고 Cu 및 Zn은 오염분리가 쉬운 이온교환성(1단계), 탄산염(2단계), 철/망간산화물(3단계)의 함량이 대부분을 차지했다. 산용출과 다단세척을 단계별로 적용결과 염산, 1.0M, 1:3, 200rpm, 60min이 최적 세척인자로 분석되었으며 다단세척실험결과 오염 퇴적토는 대부분 1단에서 토양환경보전법 우려기준을 만족하는 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 본 연구의 적용성 시험결과 중금속오염이 높은 오염토는 전처리 후 토양세척을 적용하여 처리토를 골재로 활용하고, 유기물 및 유류 오염토는 퇴비화를 적용하여 오염물질과 대장균을 사멸한 후 부숙토로 사용하는 것이 효율적임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.128-141
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• 2018

Industrial complex releasing huge amounts of dusts, fumes and wastewater containing heavy metal(loid)s could be a source of heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soil. Heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soil adversely affect crops safety, subsequently human being. Hence, it is important to accurately assess the heavy metal(loid)s pollution in soil using pollution indices. The objectives of this study are 1) to compare assessment methods of heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soils located near industrial complex in Gyeongsang provinces and 2) to determine the relationship between concentration of plant available heavy metal(loid)s and chemical properties of soil. Soil samples were collected from 85 sites of arable lands nearby 10 industrial complex in Gyeongsang provinces. The average total concentration of all heavy metal(loid)s of the studied soils was higher than that of Korean arable soils but did not exceed the warning criteria established by the Soil Environmental Conservation Act of Korea. Only six sites of arable soils for the total concentration of As, Cu and Ni exceeded the warning criteria (As: $25mg\;kg^{-1}$, Cu: $150mg\;kg^{-1}$, Ni: $100mg\;kg^{-1}$). The contamination factor (CF) and geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$) of the heavy metal(loid)s in arable soils varied among the sampling sites, and the average values of As and Cd were relatively higher than that of other metals. Results of integrated indices of As and Cd in arable soils located near industrial complex indicated that some arable soils were moderately or heavily polluted. The plant available concentration of heavy metal(loid)s was negatively related to the soil pH and negative charge of soil. Available Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations had relatively high correlation coefficient with pH and negative charge of soil when compared with other heavy metal(loid)s. Based on the above results, it might be a good soil management to control pH with soil amendments such as lime and compost to reduce phytoavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in arable soil located near industrial complex.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.920-924
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• 2012

This study was performed to estimate total contents of arsenic (As) by stepwise multiple-regression analysis using chemical properties and extractable contents of metal in paddy soil adjacent to abandoned mines. The soil was collected from paddies near abandoned mines. Soil pH, electrical conductively (EC), organic mater (OM), available phosphorus ($P_2O_5$), and exchangeable cations (Ca, K, Mg, Na) were measured. Total contents of As and extractable contents of metals were analyzed by ICP-OES. From stepwise analysis, it was showed that the contents of extractable As, available phosphorus, extractable Cu, exchangeable K, exchangeable Na, and organic mater significantly influenced the total contents of As in soil (p<0.001). The multiple linear regression models have been established as Log (Total-As) = 0.741 + 0.716 Log (extractable-As) - 0.734 Log (avail-$P_2O_5$) + 0.334 Log (extractable-Cu) + 0.186 Log (exchangeable-K) - 0.593 Log (exchangeable-Na) + 0.558 Log (OM). The estimated value in total contents of As was significantly correlated with the measured value in soil ($R^2$=0.84196, p<0.0001). This predictive model for estimating total As contents in paddy soil will be properly applied to the numerous datasets which were surveyed with extractable heavy metal contents based on Soil Environmental Conservation Act before 2010.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.589-597
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• 2016

There are a number of industrial complexes which could be a source of heavy metal (loid)s contamination of arable soil in Gyeongnam province of South Korea. Heavy metal (loid)s accumulation of plant is more related to the concentration of plant available heavy metal (loid)s in arable soil than that of total heavy metal (loid)s. The objectives of this study were 1) to examine heavy metal concentrations in soils located near industrial complexes in Gyeongnam province and 2) to determine the relationship between concentration of plant available heavy metal (loid)s and chemical properties of soil. Soil samples were collected from 85 sites of arable lands nearby 7 industrial complexes in Gyeongnam province. Total heavy metal (loid)s concentration, available heavy metal (loid)s concentration, and chemical properties of collected soils were measured. The mean concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the soils were $5.8mg\;kg^{-1}$, $1.3mg\;kg^{-1}$, $0.03mg\;kg^{-1}$, $51.5mg\;kg^{-1}$, and $68.7mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Total concentration of Cd and Zn in arable soil located near ${\nabla}{\nabla}$ industrial complex exceeded the warning criteria ($4mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $300mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cd and Zn, respectively) as described by in the soil environmental conservation Act of Korea. The concentration of plant available heavy metal (loid)s was negatively related to the soil pH and available Pb and Zn concentrations had relatively high correlation coefficient when compared with other heavy metal (loid)s. The concentration of plant available Pb and Zn was negatively related to that of organic matter (OM). Based on the above results, it might be a good soil management to control pH and OM concentration with soil amendments such as lime and compost to reduce phytoavailability of heavy metal (loid)s in arable soil located near industrial complex.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2012

폐금속 광산에서 유출되는 광산배수로 인한 하류 수계의 환경오염 영향을 검토하기 위하여 삼보광산 하류 수계 내 하천수질, 퇴적토양 및 인근 논토양에 대한 중금속 오염도를 평가한 결과는 다음과 같다. 삼보광산 주변 광미댐 침출수의 Cd 평균 농도(0.018~0.035 mg/L)는 우리나라 농업용수 수질기준(0.01 mg/L)을 초과하였고, 미량성분 중 Zn, Fe 및 Mn 함량도 FAO의 관개용수 최대 권고치(Zn 2.0, Fe 5.0, Mn 0.2 mg/L)를 초과 하였다. 광산 하류 논토양의 Pb, Zn 평균함량은 우리나라 농경지의 토양오염 우려기준(Pb 200, Zn 300 mg/kg)을 초과 하였고, 중금속 오염지수 평균치는 상리가 1.2로 내리지역0.45보다 높게 나타났다. 광산 하류 수계 내 퇴적토의 Cd, Pb 및 Zn 함량은 우리나라 하천용지의 토양오염 우려기준(Cd 10, Pb 400, Zn 600 mg/kg)을 초과하였다. 또한 퇴적토의 중금속 오염지수(PI)는 상리지역 0.98~7.32, 내리지역 0.34~5.27로 지점별 편차가 컸으며, 하류 1km 지점 합류지점(SN-1, SN-2)까지 오염된 것으로 나타났다. 퇴적토의 부화계수(EFc) 평균치는 Cd>Pb>Zn>As>Cu>Cr>Ni 순으로 지점간의 편차가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 퇴적토의 중금속별 지화학적농축계수(Igeo)는 지점별로 약간의 차이는 있으나 Zn>Cd>Pb>Cu>As>Cr>Ni 순으로 높았으며, 특히 Zn의 경우 광산 침출수 영향을 받은 퇴적토에서 경보오염에서 위험오염(Igeo 3.1~6.2) 상태로 심하게 오염된 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 삼보광산 하류 하천수질 및 퇴적토의 오염도 평가를 종합해 볼 때 광산 침출수의 영향이 하류 수계 1 km 이상(SN-1, SN-2)까지 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.318-324
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• 2017

Lime bordeaux mixture (LBM) and lime sulfur mixture (LSM) are representative environmental friendly organic materials for prevention of insect pests in South Korea. Recently, those have been widely used as an alternative for chemical pesticides in eco-friendly farms. However, South Korea has not established even recommendation of LBM and LSM considering the stability of heavy metals in soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of hazardous heavy metals in soil and plant with long-term application of LBM and LSM. Firstly, we investigated the amount of LBM and LSM used per year in several eco-friendly farms to determine a standard application rate of both materials. The pepper plant was grown on the pot in greenhouse for 14 weeks. Both materials were applied at 0, 1, 3, and 9 times of standard application rates (2.56 and $1.28L\;ha^{-1}$ of LBM and LSM per year, respectively). Dry matter yield of pepper and heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentration in soil and pepper plant were measured after 14 weeks. Yield of pepper plant did not significantly chang with up to application rate of 1 times, thereafter it markedly decreased with more than 3 times. With increasing LBM and LSM application, the concentration of Cu and Zn in soil significantly increased. Especially, Zn concentration in pepper significantly increased with increasing application rates of both materials. This might resulted in significant decrease in dry matter yield of pepper. The concentrations of those heavy metals in soil did not exceed safety levels ($150mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cu and $300mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Zn) established by the Korean Soil Environmental Conservation Act as well as concentration of heavy metals in pepper plant by Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. However, particular attention should be paid for heavy metal safety and crop productivity when using LBM and LSM in the organic farm.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2014

Metal concentrations in the former Janghang smelter area were determined and human health risk of arsenic (As) with bioaccessibility was investigated. Site investigation of the area within 1.5 km from the Janghang smelter showed the As concentrations of 4.8~169.8 mg/kg (avg. 37.8 mg/kg). For 85 samples out of 126 samples, As concentrations were higher than the Worrisome Level of the Korean Soil and Environment Conservation Act, and seven samples exceeded the Countermeasure Standard. Risk assessment for As incorporated with the bioaccessibility revealed that potential human health risk of the carcinogenic ($1.8{\sim}5.0{\times}10^{-5}$) was above the acceptable risk range ($10^{-5}{\sim}10^{-6}$) while the risk of the non-carcinogenic was not found. Remediation goals based on risk incorporated with bioaccessibility of As ranged from 10.8 to 20.0 mg/kg. Such difference in the remediation goals resulted from various bioaccessibility of As (i.e., between 8.7~66.3%) at the study site.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2010

Several mines including Namil, Solim and Jungbong which are located in the Gyeonggi and Kangwon province have been abandoned and closed since 1980 due to "The promotion policy of mining industry". An enormous amount of mining wastes was disposed without proper treatment, which caused soil pollution in tailing dam and ore-dressing plant areas. However, any quantitative assessment was not performed about soil and water pollution by transporting mining wastes such as acid mine drainage, mine tailing, and rocky waste. In this research, heavy metals in mining wastes were analyzed according to leaching method which used 0.1 N HCl and total solution method which used Aqua-regia to recognize the ecological effect of distance from hot spot. We sampled tailings, rocky wastes and soils around the abandoned mine. Chemical and physical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total organic carbon (TOC), soil texture and heavy metal concentration were analyzed. The range of soil's pH is between 4.3 and 6.4 in the tailing dam and oredressing plant area due to mining activity. Total concentrations of As, Cu, and Pb in soil near ore dressing plant area are 250.9, 249.3 and 117.2 mg/kg respectively, which are higher than any other ones near tailing dam area. Arsenic concentration in tailing dams is 31.0 mg/kg, which is also considered as heavily polluted condition comparing with the remediation required level(RRL) in "Soil environment conservation Act".