• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.174-183
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of soft tissue profile of the class III malocclusion and to test the yardstick far differential diagnosis between surgical and orthodontic patients. Initial lateral cephalograms of orthodontic group(30 patients) that have acceptable occlusion and profile by orthodontic treatment alone and surgical group(30 patients) that have favorable occlusion and profile by combined surgical-orthodontic treatment were selected in Ajou university hospital. Powell and Burstone II analysis were made on the tracing. Descriptive, comparative, factor, cluster, and discriminant analysis were carried out with computer program. The results were as followings : 1. Patients who received surgery had a more concave profile and a longer lower facial height than patients who received orthodontic treatment alone. 2. Nasolabial angle, ratio of vertical height, and mentolabial sulcus were significantly different at the 5% level. And facial protuberance, upper lip protuberance, mentocervical angle, nasofrontal angle, nasomental angle, mandibular vertical height, angle between cervix and lower face, ratio of mandibular vertical height divided by cervical depth, ratio of vertical height between upper and lower lip, and maxillary protuberance were significantly different at the 1% level. 3. 8 factors were extracted and factor 2, 3, and 8 showed significant differences by factor analysis. 4. Orthodontic group (25) and surgical group (35) were classified by cluster analysis. 5. Discriminant function was D = 0.079Nasomental angle + 0.081Sn-Gn + 3.343Sn-Gn/C-Gn + 1.734Sn-St/St-Me' -26.460, and cutting score was 0, so we can discriminate that orthodontic group has the score above 0, and surgery group below 0. And 91.7% of original grouped cases were correctly classified.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.339-349
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• 2014

If the maxillomandibular relationship is unstable or requires treatment for improved function and esthetics, the first treatment objective is to provide stable occlusal contacts. The patient has moderate mental retardation. Due to inadequate vertical overjet, horizontal arch malrelation and excessive tooth loss, full mouth rehabilitation was required. The purpose of treatment planning is to establish physiologic maxillomandibular relation. Using cephalometrics for occlusal analysis is an aid to make a decision. The amount of horizontal bone reduction was calculated with evaluating soft tissue profile. After provisional denture placement, healing of the surgical site and newly adapted arch relationship was evaluated. The patient satisfied with esthetics and showed stable holding contacts. Periodic examination is needed to exclude occlusal disharmony.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.4 s.93
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• pp.241-255
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• 2002

This study was performed to evaluate horizontal and vertical characteristics according to lateral cephalometry of adult Korean skeletal Class II patients using a selected horizontal and vortical reference planes of Koreans. 60 males and 60 females consisting of freshman of Yonsei University from 1996 to 1997 and patients with history of orthognatic surgery at the Dental Hospital of Yonsei University with a skeletal Class II profile were chosen and compared with 70 males and 70 females with normal occlusion. The skeletal Class R group had the following conditions : 1. Profile composed of a retrognathic mandible or protrusive maxilla; 2. Class II molar and canine key; 3. ANB-greater than $4^{\circ}; 4$. Wits appraisal-greater than 1.0mm; Cephalometric analysis consisted of 22 skeletal, 25 soft tissue, 12 dental measurements. The results were as follows. 1. There was no considerable vortical measurement difference between the skeletal Class II malocclusion group and the normal occlusion group in skeletal analysis. But, some variations were found between the two groups in soft tissue analysis. 2. Mandibular length of the skeletal Class II malocclusion group was smaller than that of the normal occlusion group. Mandible was more posteriorly positioned in the Class II malocclusion group than in the normal occlusion group. 3. The length and antero-posterior position of the maxilla were not different between the Class II malocclusion and the normal occlusion group. 4. The antero-posterior position of the nose, upper lip and maxillary soft tissue, and nasolabial angle were not different between the two groups. 5. Mandibular soft tissue of the Class H malocclusion group was more posteriorly positioned than that of the normal. 6. The vertical measurements of the incisors(U1-HP, L1-HP) were bigger in the Class II malocclusion group than in the normal, but those of the molars(U6-HP, U6-MP) showed no significant difference between the two groups. 7 Classifying the skeletal Class II malocclusion group according to the antero-posterior position of both jaws, normally positioned maxilla and retruded mandible was 43.3%, both normally positioned maxilla and mandible 28.3%, both retruded maxilla and mandible 20.0%..

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 1995

The purpose of this artic1e is to compare soft tissue profiles between Korean adults with normal occ1usion and malocclusin and to identify the differences between them. The subjects of this cephalometric study were 40 males with normal occlusion(Group 1), 27 females with normal occlusion(Group 2), 28 adults with Angle's Class II malocclusion(Group 3) and 41 adults with Angle's Class III malocclusion(Group 4). The results of this study were as follows ; 1) People with Angle's Class II malocclusion had tendency to have more labial tipping of lower teeth than people with normal occ1usion. Through NOA angle measurement, it was determined that people with Angle's Class II malocclusion had more protruding midface than people with normal occlusion and people with Angle's Class III malocclusion had retruding midface. 2) Through Powell's esthetic triangle analysis, it was determined that people with Angle's Class II malocclusion had retruding chin and protruding nose. 3) No significant differences between people with normal occlusion and maloclusion could be identified by measuring soft tissue profile angle basis of S-NS plane. 4) There were significant differences between groups with normal occlusion and malocclusion by measuring Facial convexity angle(Significance level 99%). 5) By measuring the distance between each landmark basis of N-Pog plane, People with Angle's Class II malocclusion were identified as having more protruding midface, but there were no significant differences between people with normal occlusion and Angle's Class III malocclusion. 6) By measuring the vertical dimension of the face, it was determined that the lower facial height was higher than the upper facial height in all groups, particularly in group with Angle's Class III malocclusion. 7) By measuring the lips basis of E-line and S-line, it was determined that people with Angle's Class III malocclusion had more, protruding lower lips than people with normal occlusion, while people with normal occlusion, while people with Angle's Class II malocclusion had more protruding upper lips. By measuring the distance between the superior sulcus and inferior sulcus basis of H-line, people with Angle's Class II malocclusion had thicker upper lips than the other's.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.649-656
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• 2005

The present study was designed to formulate cephalometric norms of normal occlusion for usage in orthodontic diagnosis of malocclusion in Korean children. Thirty two children, aged 4 to 6, with normal occlusion were chosen for this study, Sagittal and vertical relations were analyzed using lateral cephalogram and clinical photos and the measurements were compared with those of adults. On skeletal sagittal analysis, the mean values of the SNA and SNB angles were $83^{\circ}\;and\;78.72^{\circ}$. It showed that the mandible was retrognathic and retropositioned in comparison to those of adults. On skeletal vertical analysis, the mean values of the genial angle was $127^{\circ}$. This showed high angle pattern in children and reduction of genial angle due to counterclockwise rotation of the mandible is expected with growth. On soft tissue analysis, children showed convex pronto, obtuse nasolabial angle. On dental analysis, the mean values of the U1 to SN and IMPA were $91.04^{\circ}\;and\;86.57^{\circ}$. This showed retroclined upper and lower deciduous teeth in comparison to adults. For skeletal values, the liner values were generally greater in males than females.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

Facial symmetry is an important component of attractiveness. However, functional symmetry is favorable to aesthetic symmetry. In addition, fluctuating asymmetry is more natural and common, even if patients find such asymmetry to be noticeable. However, fluctuating asymmetry remains difficult to define. Several studies have shown that a certain level of asymmetry could generate an unfavorable image. A natural profile is favorable to perfect mirror-image profile, and images with canting and differences less than $3^{\circ}-4^{\circ}$ and 3-4 mm, respectively, are generally not recognized as asymmetry. In this study, a questionnaire survey among 434 medical students was used to evaluate photos of Asian women. The students preferred original images over mirror images. Facial asymmetry was noticed when the canting and difference were more than $3^{\circ}$ and 3 mm, respectively. When a certain level of asymmetry is recognizable, correcting it can help to improve social life and human relationships. Prior to any operation, the anatomical component for noticeable asymmetry should be understood, which can be divided into hard tissues and soft tissue. For diagnosis, two-and three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry and radiometry are used, including photography, laser scanner, cephalometry, and 3D computed tomography.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.224-235
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the skeletal, dental, and soft-tissue treatment effects of nonextraction therapy using the modified C-palatal plate (MCPP) to those of premolar extraction (PE) treatment in adult patients with Class II malocclusion. Methods: Pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalographs of 40 adult patients with Class II malocclusion were retrospectively analyzed. The MCPP group comprised 20 patients treated with total arch distalization of the maxillary arch while the PE group comprised 20 patients treated with four PE. Fifty-eight linear and angular measurements were analyzed to assess the changes before and after treatment. Descriptive statistics, paired t-test, and multivariate analysis of variance were performed to evaluate the treatment effects within and between the two groups. Results: The MCPP group presented 3.4 mm of retraction, 1.0 mm of extrusion, and $7.3^{\circ}$ lingual inclination of the maxillary central incisor. In comparison, the PE group displayed greater amount of maxillary central incisor retraction and retroclination, mandibular incisor retraction, and upper lip retraction (5.3 mm, $14.8^{\circ}$, 5.1 mm, and 2.0 mm, respectively; p < 0.001 for all). In addition, the MCPP group showed 4.0 mm of distalization and 1.3 mm of intrusion with $2.9^{\circ}$ distal tipping of the maxillary first molars. Conclusions: These findings suggest the MCPP is an effective distalization appliance in the maxillary arch. The amount of incisor retraction, however, was significantly higher in the PE group. Therefore, four PE may be recommended when greater improvement of incisor position and soft-tissue profile is required.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.388-396
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of malocclusion on the self-esteem of female university students. Methods: The subjects were composed of 67 female university students who showed Class 1 molar relation, no missing or supernumerary teeth and has had no orthodontic treatment experience. Each subject was evaluated with Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale to measure the level of self-esteem and also evaluated the degree of anterior crowding and lip protrusion through model analysis and cephalometric soft tissue profile analysis. Results: The results showed that a protrusive profile and crowding of upper anterior teeth had significant reducing effects on the level of self-esteem. The protrusion and crowding groups showed no significant differences in self-esteem between groups. Conclusions: Malocclusion had significant negative effects on the self-esteem of female university students. Further research to investigate the negative psychological influence of malocclusion and the education of lay people about this influence is necessary.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.23 no.3 s.42
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• pp.341-358
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• 1993

This study was investigated to evaluate the morphologic characteristics of deepbite tendency as multiple factors. The subjects consisted of 60 control subjects(male 25, female 35) and 137 deephite patients(68 male, 69 female). The deepbite group was composed of 4 subgroups(Class I 44, Class II div. 1 40, Class II div. 2 13, Class III 40). The mean age was 21.57 year for the control group 21 year for deepbite group lateral cephalograph in centric occlusion were taken, traced, and digitized for each subject. The statistically computerized analysis was carried out with SAS program. The results were as follows ; 1. In deepbite group, saddle angle is lesser than that of normal group. 2. The vertical dysplasia is prominent on anterior lower face and is closely related with mandibular form and inclination. 3. Without consideration of sagittal relationship, the dental factors such as curve of Spee, interincisal angle, U1 to upper lip length were prominent in the deepbite group. 4. Although there were individual variances in the perioral soft tissue profile, the lip presented more protruded pattern. 5. There was no significant difference in hyoid bone position and inclination between normal and deepbite group. 6. The multivariate discriminant analysis between normal and Class I deepbite group showed that curve of Spee, AB-MP angle, interincisal angle, articular agnle were critical in the determination of deepbite as multiple factors.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.6 s.95
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• pp.383-393
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide data on the normative values of some clinically important soft tissue dimensions for adult Korean females with aesthetically beautiful facial profiles. Lateral cephalograms of 18 Korean female models, who were selected for their well balanced and aesthetic facial profiles, were evaluated. All cephalograms were taken with the subjects in a natural head position with the teeth in occlusion and the lips at rest. The means and standard deviations were determined and presented. In addition, comparisons with the previous studies were performed The results of the present study were as follows: 1. The upper and lower lips were posteriorly located in relation to the Ricketts' E line (Upper lip to E line: -2.08, Lower lip to E line: -0.04). 2. Both lips were more posteriorly located than those in the results of previous studies on Korean females selected by normal occlusion, but more anteriorly located than in the results of studies selected on an aesthetic basis. 3. The nasolabial angle for this sample was 101.03 degrees with a standard deviation of 8.47 degrees.