• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1614-1621
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of graded levels of montmorillonite, a constituent of clay, on performance, hematological parameters and bone mineralization in weaned pigs. One hundred and twenty, 35-d-old crossbred pigs (Duroc${\times}$Large White${\times}$Landrace, $10.50{\pm}1.20$ kg) were used in a 28-d experiment and fed either an unsupplemented corn-soybean meal basal diet or similar diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 or 5.0% montmorillonite added at the expense of wheat bran. Each treatment was replicated six times with four pigs (two barrows and two gilts) per replicate. Feed intake declined (linear and quadratic effect, p<0.01) with increasing level of montmorillonite while feed conversion was improved (linear and quadratic effect, p<0.01). Daily gain was unaffected by dietary treatment. Plasma myeloperoxidase declined linearly (p = 0.03) with increasing dietary level of montmorillonite. Plasma malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels were quadratically affected (p<0.01) by montmorillonite with increases observed for pigs fed the 0.5 and 1.0% levels which then declined for pigs fed the 2.5 and 5.0% treatments. In bone, the content of potassium, sodium, copper, iron, manganese and magnesium were decreased (linear and quadratic effect, p<0.01) in response to an increase of dietary montmorillonite. These results suggest that dietary inclusion of montmorillonite at levels as high as 5.0% does not result in overt toxicity but could induce potential oxidative damage and reduce bone mineralization in pigs.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2006

Objective : This study was done to investigate the effect of KJT on hypertension. Methods : Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats were sensitized and challenged with Kamijaeumganghwatang(KJT) for 5 weeks. Experimental group was treated with $200mg/day/2m{\ell}$ of KJT orally and control group was treated with $2m{\ell}/day$ of normal saline instead. Results : 1. KJT significantly showed significant protection against cytotoxicity and toxicity in the liver and the kidney. 2. KJT significantly decreased the blood pressure in SHR. 3. KJT significantly decreased the levels of aldosterone in SHR. 4. KJT significantly decreased the levels of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine in SHR. 5. KJT significantly decreased the levels of sodium and potassium in SHR, but it did not decrease the levels of chloride in SHR. Levels of calcium in SHR increased, but only insignificantly. 6. KJT significantly decreased the levels of IL-6 in SHR, and significantly increased the levels of IL-10 in SHR. 7. For histological effects, KJT dillated capillary vessels in the kidney, significantly decreased eosinophilic changes in heart cells, and significantly decreased endothelial damage in the aorta. Conclusion: These results suggest that KJT is useful in treatment of hypertension.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.551-561
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• 2000

Swine respiratory diseases have induced severe economic losses in swine industry worldwide. Several methods have been developed and applied to prevent and control the disease. However, those are still problematic in swine industry. Recently, the use of egg yolk antibodies with several advantages was introduced and applied to control diseases in animal as well as human. As the first step of the use of egg yolk antibodies in the control of the swine respiratory diseases, we investigated the immunogens of the causative agensts of the diseases and immune response in egg yolk of hens immunized with them. Bacterial antigens prepared from Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida 3A and 4D, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumaniae serotype 2 and 5 were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blot and toxicity test in mice. The antigens were injected into laying hens in order to produce antibodies against them in egg yolk. After chickens were immunized three times in 2 weeks interval, the profile of antibody production was examined by ELISA. The production of antibody in egg yolk was started in 2 weeks after the first injection, reached peak in 6-8 weeks and maintained until 12 weeks. Of two adjuvants used in this study, ISA70 was more effective than aluminum hydroxide gel in enhancing immunogenecity, laying rates and safety in hens. These results suggested that egg yolk antibodies could be a good source for production of antibodies specific to pathogenic bacteria inducing respiratory diseases of swine.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.476-492
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• 1990

Sodium arsenite (As) aqueous solution containing 4 ppm wss given to male rats for 15 days as drinking water. Electrophoretic pattern of liver cytosol from As-fed rats appeared to be significantly different from that of the control rats. Although the normal protein content of the cytosol fraction of As-fed rat liver was decreased, 8 stress proteins were increased. In liver cytosol fractions of As-treated rat, one kind of arsenic-binding substance (AsBS) was observed. Molecular weight of AsBS was identified to be 500 D and composition of amino acid was glycine, glutamic acid and cysteine. Glutathione (GSH) appeared to bind to arsenic and GSH-As complex showed the same mobility as AsBS on gel filtration chromatography. GSH conjugated As prevented As from inhibiting respiration, conformational change and swelling-contration of mitochondria. According to the above results. it is concluded that in vfuo treated arsenic stimulated synthesis of stress protein, and arsenic-binding substance might be glutathione and have a protective role against arsenic toxicity.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 1975

In the studies of characterization of crystal prototoxin isolated from Bacillus thuringinensis var. alesti and its bioassay to the silkworm larvae, Bombyx mori L., the following results were obtained. 1. The complete lysis of bacteria grown on the nutrient agar at 30$^{\circ}C$ in an incubator took 30 days, but the period could be reduced by a half in a devised broth media in a fermentation jar. 2. The protein toxin extracted directly from a mixture of crystals and spores without separation of crystals and spores was pure as same as the protein toxin extracted from only crysals separated. 3. By SLS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of prototoxin released from crystals in alkali (pH 9.5) three different proteins in molecular weights of 120,000, 87,000, 74,000 were separated. 4. In the bioassay of the toxin to the silkworm larvae, LD$\sub$50/ per gram of the larvae in the 4th instar was 0.080 $\mu\textrm{g}$.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1061-1068
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• 2010

The biological synthesis of nanoparticles has gained considerable attention in view of their excellent biocompatibility and low toxicity. We isolated and purified rhamnolipids from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain BS-161R, and these purified rhamnolipids were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The purified rhamnolipids were further characterized and the structure was elucidated based on one- and two-dimensional $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR, FT-IR, and HR-MS spectral data. Purified rhamnolipids in a pseudoternary system of n-heptane and water system along with n-butanol as a cosurfactant were added to the aqueous solutions of silver nitrate and sodium borohydride to form reverse micelles. When these micelles were mixed, they resulted in the rapid formation of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The nanoparticles formed had a sharp adsorption peak at 410 nm, which is characteristic of surface plasmon resonance of the silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were monodispersed, with an average particle size of 15.1 nm (${\sigma}={\pm}5.82$ nm), and spherical in shape. The EDS analysis revealed the presence of elemental silver signal in the synthesized nanoparticles. The formed silver nanoparticles exhibited good antibiotic activity against both Grampositive and Gram-negative pathogens and Candida albicans, suggesting their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.17
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• pp.7129-7135
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• 2014

Background: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the growth inhibitory effect of the combination of ethaselen (BBSKE) and low fixed dose of selenite against A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro. Materials and Methods: Growth inhibitory effects against A549 cells were determined by SRB assay. Combination index (CI) values were calculated based on Chou-Talalay median-effect analyses. Dose reduction index (DRI) values were applied to calculate dose reduction of selenite. Contents of free thiols and GSH were determined by DTNB assay and intracellular ROS levels by DCFH-DA fluorescence labeling. Results: Compared with BBSKE or selenite single treatment, the combined application of ethaselen and a low fixed dose of selenite shortened the onset time of sodium selenite, reduced $IC_{50}$ values, and increased the maximum inhibition rates, suggesting a possible molecular mechanism of the synergism. Obvious synergistic effects were observed after different times of combination treatment, especially after 24 h. Compared with selenite single treatment, dosage of selenite could be remarkably reduced in combination therapy to gain the same inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. Compared with BBSKE single treatment, the content of free thiols and GSH were significantly reduced and ROS levels greatly elevated in the combination group. For the combination treatment, cell viability increased as greater concentrations of GSH were added. Conclusions: All these results indicate that the combination treatment of BBSKE and selenite showed synergism to inhibit A549 cell proliferation in vitro, and also reduced the selenite dosage to mitigate its toxicity which is very meaningful for combination chemotherapy of lung cancer. The synergism was probably caused by the accelerated exhaustion of intracellular reductive substances, such as free thiols and GSH, which ultimately leads to enhanced oxidative stress and apoptosis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.250-264
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• 1994

Omeprazole(OMZ)-cholestyramine(CHL) and various OMZ-Dowex resin complexes were prepared by reaction between OMZ and activated resins in 0.1N NaOH solution. And their physical properties were tested by means of infrared(IR), differential scaning caloimeter(DSC), X-ray diffraction. Chemical stability of OMZ-CHL was increased markedly compared with OMZ and the decomposition of OMZ-CHL followed the pseudo first-order kinetics and the rate constants were $2.743{\times}10^{-4}/day$ at $20^{\circ}C$, $7.83{\times}10^{-3}day^{-1}$ under 80% RH and $1.68{\times}10^{-2}day^{-1}$ under UV radiation, respectively. On the other hand, the rate constants of OMZ were $2.996{\times}10^{-4}day^{-1}$ at $20^{\circ}C$, $1.17{\times}10^{-2}day^{-1}$ under 85% RH, and $4.07{\times}10^{-2}day^{-1}$ under UV radiation, respectively. The rates of dissolution of OMZ-CHL bulk and OMZ-CHL tablet were 100% and more than 85% in 15 minutes, respectively, which were increased than OMZ base and OMZ-tablet. In the acute toxicological test, the value of oral $LD_{50}$(mouse) was 4.608 g/kg. OMZ-CHL was pelletized using lactose, polyethyle neglycol(PEG), D-sorbitol, Avicel PH 101, sodium laurylsulfate and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) K-30, and enteric coated with HPMCP, Myvacet, acetone, ethanol and cetanol, of which dissolution rate was found to be more than 85% in 10 minutes. From the above results, it was found that OMZ-CHL is a useful means for development of new oral dosage forms of OMZ.

• BMB Reports
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.291-296
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• 2002

Thanatin, a 21-residue peptide, is an inducible insect peptide with a broad range of activity against bacteria and fungi. It has a C-terminal disulfide loop, like the frog skin secretion antimicrobial peptides of the brevinin family. In this study, we tried to find the effect of a number of amino acids between the disulfide bond. Thanatin showed stronger antibacterial activity to Gram negative bacteria than other mutants, except Th1; whereas, the mutant peptides with deletion had higher activity to Gram positive bacteria than thanatin. An increase in the number of amino acid(s) using the alanine residue decreased the antibacterial activity in all of the bacteria. Th1 with deletion of threonine at position 15 ($Thr^{15}$) showed similar antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, but had higher activity against the Gram positive bacteria. In order to study the structure-function relationship, we measured liposome disruption by the peptides and CD spectra of the peptides. Th1 also showed the highest liposome leaking activity and α-helical propensity in the sodium dodecyl sulfate solution, compared with other peptides. Liposome disruption activity was closely correlated with the anti-Gram positive bacterial activity. All of the peptides showed no hemolytic activity. Th1 was considered to be useful as an antimicrobial peptide with broad spectrum without toxicity.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2012

Molds cause severe cheese deterioration, even though some white and blue molds are used for the manufacture of Camembert and Blue cheese, respectively. The species of Geotrichum, Moniliella, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Fusarium, Phoma, and Cladosporium are the main fungi that affect contamination during cheese ripening. Once deteriorated by fungal spoilage, cheese becomes toxic and inedible. Fungal deterioration of cheese decreases the nutritional value, flavor profiles, physicochemical and organoleptic properties, and increases toxicity and infectious disease. Fungal contamination during cheese ripening is highly damaging to cheese production in Korean farmstead milk processing companies. Therefore, these companies hesitate to develop natural and ripened cheese varieties. This article discusses the recent and ongoing developments in the removal techniques of fungal contamination during cheese ripening. There are 2 categories of antifungal agents: chemical and natural. Major chemical agents are preservatives (propionic acid, sodium propionate, and calcium propionate) and ethanol. Among the natural agents, grapefruit seed extract, phytoncide, essential oils, and garlic have been investigated as natural antifungal agents. Additionally, some studies have shown that antibiotics such as natamycin and Delvocid$^{(R)}$, have antifungal activities for cheese contaminated with fungi. Microbial resources such as probiotic lactic acid bacteria, Propionibacterium, lactic acid bacteria from Kimchi, and bacteriocin are well known as antifungal agents. In addition, ozonization treatment has been reported to inhibit the growth activity of cheese-contaminating fungi.