• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권10호
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• pp.1362-1372
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• 2009

본 연구는 65세 이상 노인을 대상으로 고나트륨 섭취군을 분류하여 노인들의 식습관 개선 및 영양교육을 위한 사전연구로서 이들의 영양지식, 식습관, 식품섭취패턴을 조사하였다. 65세 이상 노인 135명의 조사대상자 중 42.96%인 58명이고나트륨 섭취군에 속하였다. 생활습관에서 음주, 간식횟수, 외식횟수, 수분섭취량에서 고나트륨 섭취군이 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며, 자반류, 젓갈류, 장아찌, 조림류, 국물 섭취량, 간장과 소금의 추가량에 관한 식습관 점수가 고나트륨 섭취군에서 유의적으로 높았다. 고나트륨 섭취군의 나트륨에 관한 영양지식 총점이 남녀노인 모두 유의적으로 낮았으며, 남자노인은 나트륨과 인스턴트식품, 나트륨과 인공조미료에 관한 문항에서, 여자노인은 나트륨과 질병과의 관계, 나트륨 섭취권장량에서 유의적으로 낮았다. 고나트륨 섭취군에서 Na index 14의 김치찌개, 된장찌개, 미역국, 멸치볶음에서의 섭취빈도가 유의적으로 높았다. 또한 인스턴트식품을 통한 총 나트륨 섭취량은 고나트륨 섭취군에서 남자노인 1562.49 mg, 여자노인 1227.82 mg으로 유의하게 높았으며, 특히 면류를 통한 섭취량이 70% 이상이었다. 영양지식 점수가 높을수록 Na index 14 점수(p<0.05), 인스턴트식품을 통한 나트륨 섭취량(p<0.01), 나트륨 섭취 관련 식습관 점수가 낮았다. Na index 14 점수에 대해 세끼 식사의 규칙성, 식사량의 적정성, 천천히 식사함(p<0.01) 항목에서 유의한 음의 상관관계를 나타내었으며, Na index 14 점수가 높을수록 인스턴트 국류(p<0.01), 탕류(p<0.01), 죽류(p<0.01), 스프류(p<0.01), 면류(p<0.01), 레토르트류(p<0.01)의 섭취가 높았다. 본 연구는 65세 이상 노인을 대상으로 하여 나트륨 과잉 섭취 노인의 특성 및 섭취요인을 진단하였다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다고 사료된다. 이에 고나트륨 섭취군을 대상으로 본 연구에서 드러난 문제점을 도출하여 이들의 영양지식, 식습관, 식품섭취패턴이 개선될 수 있도록 구체적인 대안을 제시하고 행동변화에 중점을 두는 영양교육이 요구되어지는 바이다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한지역사회영양학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회 및 사단법인 창립총회:한국인의 적정 소금섭취를 위한 식생활 전략
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• pp.391-393
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• 2002

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.822-826
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• 2007

계란의 저장성 증진 효과를 검토하기 위해 계란 표면을 sodium alginate 용액으로 코팅하여 $5^{\circ}C,\;25^{\circ}C$에서 저장하면서 저장성 실험 및 코팅 처리된 계란 표면의 미생물 억제 효과 시험을 하였다. 살모넬라균과 같이 음식물의 섭취를 통해서만 감염되는 식중독의 원인 균의 증식 억제 효과 시험에서 $5^{\circ}C$에서 저장 했을 때 대조군에 비해 0.5% sodium alginate처리군이 뛰어난 세균 증식 억제 효과를 보였다. 계란의 pH는 저장 기간에 $CO_2$를 방출하거나 저장 온도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 코팅된 계란의 pH가 대조군의 pH보다 낮게 나타났다. $5^{\circ}C$의 저장 온도에서 대조군의 pH가 7.72에서 7.94의 변화를 보였으며, 0.5%의 sodium algiante 용액으로 코팅한 계란에서는 7.72에서 7.85의 pH 변화가 나타났다. $5^{\circ}C$와 $25^{\circ}C$에 30일간 저장하면서 난황의 신선도를 나타내는 난황 계수와 계란의 품질을 평가하는 종합적인 수치인 Haugh unit를 측정하였다. Haugh unit은 30일간 저장하였을 경우 대조군인 경우 66.02, 0.5% sodium alginate로 코팅한 경우는 70.37로 얻어졌다. 난황 계수는 0.5% 농도의 시료로 코딩한 계란에서 대조군의 0.39보다 높은 0.42로 나타났다. 이런 연구 결과를 통해서 sodium alginate의 코팅 형성 능력이 계란의 표면에 유해 세균을 억제하고 저장성을 증진시킬 수 있다는 결과를 얻었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.350-357
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• 2009

본 연구는 대구시 8개 병원과 사업체에 근무하는 직장인 251명을 대상으로 교육집단 166명, 비교육집단 85명으로 나누어 5주간 저염화 영양교육 프로그램을 운영하고 그 효과를 평가하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 저염화 교육프로그램 실시 결과 교육전 두 집단간의 짠맛에 대한 미각판정치에 차이가 없었으나, 교육 후 교육집단의 경우 미각판정치가 유의하게 감소하였다 (p < 0.001). 또 한 교육 후 영양지식, 짜게 먹는 식태도 및 식행동이 비교육 집단에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 교육집단에서는 모두 유의하게 개선되었다 (p < 0.001). 2) 교육집단에서 24시간 소변 수집을 통한 나트륨 섭취량은 교육 전에 비해 교육 후 감소하였으나, 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 3) 외식 빈도가 잦을수록, 외식비가 높을수록 짜게 먹는 경향이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 미각판정치와 짜게 먹는 식행동 및 식태도간 유의한 상관관계를 나타내었다. 또한 짜게 먹는 식태도와 나트륨 섭취량간에 유의한 상관관계를 나타내어 식태도가 나쁠수록 나트륨 섭취량이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.15-22
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• 1973

Sodium chloride plays an important role as the main condiment at daily meal. It is well known that humans require sodium chloride as an essential nutrient to keep the homeostasis of electrolytes. The amounts of salt intake may be a reflection of geography, culture and food habit rather than necessity. Lee has reported (1962) that Koreans ingest high amounts of sodium chloride in their meals, with an intake of excess carbohydrate (80-90% of total Calories) and low protein in their diet. This includes large amounts of rice, Kimchi and other fermented soybean products common in the Korean diet. This investigation was designed to study the dietary relations of sodium chloride to other nutrients in the Korean diet. Twenty four albino male rats, weighing from 290-300g, were divided into four dietary groups according to the amounts of carbohydrate, protein and fat in the basal diet. Each diet contained a rice powder as a carbohydrate source. Diet I was a control diet, Diet II, low protein, Diet III, low protein and low fat diet and Diet IV, low fat diet. All rats were provided with 3% sodium chloride solution. Diet and salt solution were given ad libitum. The experiment was carried out for 9 weeks during which time the body weight, the food intake, and 3% sodium chloride solution consumption were determined. At the 9th week, the urine was collected the blood sample from the artery of each rat for the analysis of sodium and potassium and other chemical studies. The rats were sacrificed and the kidney, adrenal, liver and spleen were measured, and observed changes of the pathological tissue in the kidney and adrenal. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The growth rate was higher in Diet I than in the other experimental diets (II, III and IV) after 4 weeks. There was no significant difference found between the experimental Diets II, III and IV. 2) The daily food intake was greater in the experimental diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. However, there was no difference among the high carbohydrate diets Diet II, III and IV. 3) The daily water (3% sodium chloride solution) intake was also greater in the Diets II, III and IV, than in the control diet. However, there was no difference between Diets II, III and IV. 4) The concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood were within the normal range in all diets. 5) The amount of sodium chloride in the urine was significantly greater in Diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. Diets II, III, IV had a larger amount of sodium solution consumption. 6) Observation of pathological tissue in the experimental diets found a cell proliferation in the glomerlulus of the kidney, while such change was not found in the control diet.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.249-254
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• 2004

Dietary supplementation of sodium nitrate with different concentrations 50, 100, 200, 500, 700 and 1000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of single, two, three and four feeds to fifth instar larvae of biovoltine NB$_4$D$_2$ race of the silkworm, B. mori resulted in significant increase in the food conversion, conversion rate and conversion efficiency $K_1$ and $K_2$. However, there were significant decrease in the food assimilation, assimilation rate and assimilation efficiency in the sodium nitrate treated groups as compared with that of the corresponding parameters of the carrier control. This indicates that the administration of sodium nitrate may stimulate metabolic activities, thereby influencing conversion of food into body weight in the bivoltine silkworm, B. mori.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.358-369
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• 1997

우리나라 주요 사망원인중의 하나가 되고 있는 혈관질환의 주된 위험인자로 고콜레스테롤 혈증이 지적되고 있다. 콜레스테롤 저하효과가 있는 식이 인자에는 단백질의 종류, 지방의 종류와 양, 식이섬유, 우유, 칼슘, flavonoid 등이 있다. 특히 수용성 식이 섬유의 콜레스테롤 저하효과는 현저하며 동물실험과 인체실험을 통하여 확인되었다. 혈장 콜레스테롤 저하효과가 현저한 식이섬유에는 psyllium husk, pectin, oat fiber, guar gum, sodium alginate 등이 있으며, 농도에 비례하여 그 효과가 커지는 것은 아닌듯하다. 수용성 식이섬유의 콜레스테롤 저하효과에 대한 정확한 기작은 알려져 있지 않으나 몇 가지 가설이 제시되고 있다. 첫째, 식이섬유가 장에서 점성용액을 형성하여 지질 흡수를 저해함으로써 혈장과 간 콜레스테롤 농도를 낮춘다는 것이며, 둘째, 체내 콜레스테롤이 체외로 배설되는 유일한 경로인 담즙산의 소장흡수를 방해하고 변으로의 배설을 증가시켜 체내 콜레스테롤 pool 크기를 감소시킨다는 것이다. 세째, 대장미생물에 의해 생성된 식이섬유의 발효부산물인 short chain fatty acids가 콜레스테롤의 합성을 저해한다는 것이다. 이외에도 여러 가설들이 제시되고 있으며, 이러한 가설들이 서로 상호 배제적인 것은 아니며, 단독으로 혹은 복합적으로 작용하는 것으로 보인다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.658-666
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The current study examined trends in adherence to dietary recommendations and compared the levels of adherence between diagnosed and undiagnosed subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korea over the past 14 years. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data were collected from the 1998-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). Diagnosed diabetes was defined as giving a positive response to questions about awareness of the disease, a physician's diagnosis of diabetes, or medical treatment for diabetes, whereas undiagnosed diabetes was defined as having a fasting glucose level ${\geq}126mg/dl$. Assessment of adherence level was based on 6 components of dietary guidelines, considering meal patterns and intake levels of calories, carbohydrates, vegetable/seaweed, sodium, and alcohol. The participants received 1 point if they met the criteria for each of the 6 components, and the total possible score ranged from 0 to 6 points. Multivariate generalized linear regression was performed, taking into account the complex survey design. RESULTS: Among all diabetic patients aged 30 years or older, the proportion of diagnosed diabetes increased dramatically, from 40.9% in 1998 to 75.9% in 2012 (P for trend < 0.001). The overall adherence levels to dietary recommendations were low and did not significantly differ between diagnosed and undiagnosed subjects with T2DM for all survey years. Several improvements were observed, including increased adherence to maintaining sufficient vegetable/seaweed consumption (increased from 0.12 to 0.16 points) and limiting sodium intake (increased from 0.12-0.13 points to 0.19-0.24 points; P for trend < 0.001), while adherence to maintaining moderate alcohol consumption decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of data collected by the KNHANES indicates that Korean T2DM patients have poor adherence to dietary recommendations and maintenance of a healthy lifestyle, regardless of disease awareness. This finding suggests that development of practical, evidence-based guidelines is necessary and that provision and expansion of educational programs for T2DM patients is critical after diagnosis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2000

The effects of dietary Ca and Na levels on lipid metabolism in hyper lipidemic/hypercholesterolemic rats were examined. In Expt. 1, normal rats were divided into six groups and fed high fat(15%, w/w)/cholesterol(1%, w/w) diet containing two levels of Na, low (0.05) or high(1.5%) and three levels of Ca, low(0.1%), normal (0.5%), or high(1.5%) for 8 weeks. In Expt. 2, hyperlipidemia / hypercholesterolemia rats were induced by feeding high fat / cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. They were divided into four groups and fed the high fat / cholesterol diet, containing two levels of Na, low or high and two levels of Ca, low or high for 4 weeks. In Expt. 1, total lipid and total cholesterol contents in serum and liver were significantly lower in rats fed high Ca diet than in rats fed normal or low Ca diet regardless of dietary Na levels. Serum TG was the highest in rats fed low Ca and low Na diet. In Expt. 2, Serum total lipid, TG, and total cholesterol levels decreased by 24, 35, 26% respectively in rats fed high Ca diet regardless of dietary Na levels. Serum total lipid level tended to increased in rats fed low Na diet. The total lipid and TG contents in liver slightly decreased in rats fed high Ca diet. Another observation was that high Ca intake significantly faciliated the fecal lipid and cholesterol excretion regardless of dietary Na levels. There results suggest that the hypolipidemidc/hypocholesterolemic effects of high Ca diet could be partly due to increase in lipid and cholesterol excretion and these effects may be independent of dietary Na levels.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.87-97
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• 2019

Phytate induced excessive mineral excretion through poultry litter leads to poor performance and environmental pollution. Exogenous microbial phytase supplementation to poultry diets reduce the environmental excretion of nutrient and improve bird's performance. However, excessive dietary sodium (Na) level may hinder the phytase-mediated phytate hydrolysis and negate the beneficial effects of phytase. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentration dietary Na on phytase activity and subsequent impact on broiler performance, bone mineralisation and nutrient utilisation. In this study, six experimental diets, consisting of three different levels of Na (1.5, 2.5, or 3.5 g/kg) and two levels of microbial phytase (0 or 500 U/kg) were formulated by using $3{\times}2$ factorial design. The six experimental diets were offered to 360 day-old Ross 306 male chicks for 35 days, where, each experimental diet consisted of 6 replicates groups with 10 birds. Along with growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal enzyme activity, dry matter (DM) content of litter and mineral status in bone were analysed. Dietary Na and phytase had no effect on bode weight gain and feed intake. Birds on the low Na diet showed higher (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the mid-Na diets. High dietary Na adversely affected (p < 0.001) excreta DM content. Phytase supplementation to the high-Na diet increased (p < 0.01) the litter ammonia content. High dietary Na with phytase supplementation improved ($Na{\times}phytase$, p < 0.05) the AME value and ileal digestibility of Ca and Mg. The total tract retention of Ca, P, and Mg was reduced with high Na diet, which was counteracted by phytase supplementation ($Na{\times}phytase$, p < 0.001). The diets containing mid-level of Na improved (p < 0.001) the function of Na-K-ATPase and Mg-ATPase in the jejunum. The overall results indicate that high dietary Na did not affect phytase activity but influenced the nutrient utilization of birds, which was not reflected in bird overall performance.