• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.297-306
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• 2022

Objectives: The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality is increasing in developing countries. This study aimed to decompose the socioeconomic inequality of CVD in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study was conducted on 20 519 adults who enrolled in the Ardabil Non-Communicable Disease cohort study. Principal component analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used, respectively, to estimate socioeconomic status and to describe the relationships between CVD prevalence and the explanatory variables. The relative concentration index, concentration curve, and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition model were used to measure and decompose the socioeconomic inequality. Results: The overall age-adjusted prevalence of CVD was 8.4% in northwest Iran. Multivariable logistic regression showed that older adults, overweight or obese adults, and people with hypertension and diabetes were more likely to have CVD. Moreover, people with low economic status were 38% more likely to have CVD than people with high economic status. The prevalence of CVD was mainly concentrated among the poor (concentration index, -0.077: 95% confidence interval, -0.103 to -0.060), and 78.66% of the gap between the poorest and richest groups was attributed to differences in the distribution of the explanatory variables included in the model. Conclusions: The most important factors affecting inequality in CVD were old age, chronic illness (hypertension and diabetes), marital status, and socioeconomic status. This study documented stark inequality in the prevalence of CVD, wherein the poor were more affected than the rich. Therefore, it is necessary to implement policies to monitor, screen, and control CVD in poor people living in northwest Iran.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.502-510
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• 2021

본 연구는 벨라미의 『뒤를 돌아보며』라는 소설을 통하여 유토피아 문학 속에 제시된 젠더 불평등을 알아보고자 하였다. 벨라미가 제시한 2000년의 미국 보스턴은 생산과 분배가 효율적으로 이루어지고, 남성과 여성의 차별이 없이 모든 사람들이 동등한 기회를 통해 일을 할 수 있는 평등한 사회이다. 하지만 사회 구조를 좀 더 자세히 들여다보면, 가사와 육아의 일이 기본적으로 여성의 의무임을 표현하고 있으며, 여성과 남성이 가질 수 있는 직업이 차별화된다는 점에서 진정한 젠더 평등이라고 보기 어려웠다. 그리고, 남성의 기준으로 여성의 외모를 판단하는 미의 관념을 보여주는 등 젠더 불평등적인 요소가 여전히 잔재해 있음을 알 수 있었다. 하지만 벨라미의 『뒤를 돌아보며』는 여성의 지위를 향상시키고, 모든 사람들이 평등하고 인간애가 넘치는 세계를 제시함으로써 19세기 미국인들에게 앞으로 나아갈 사회적 발전의 방향성과 희망을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 나아가 현대 사회에서는 이러한 젠더 불평등적인 요소가 사라졌는지에 대해서도 알아보았는데, 여전히 가사노동, 직장 및 사회생활에서 젠더 불평등적 요소들이 많이 남아 있었으며, 여성을 성상품화하는 사회현상을 통해 아직까지 완전한 젠더 평등이 이루어지고 있지 않음을 확인하였다. 따라서 여성과 남성의 차이가 차별이 되지 않도록 사회구성원들의 인식 개선과 사회정책의 변화가 이루어져 진정으로 젠더 평등한 사회가 될 수 있도록 모두 함께 노력해야 할 것이다.

• 사회복지연구
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.211-232
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• 2018

이 연구의 목적은 복지체제에 따라 복지태도의 유형이 구분되는지를 검증하는 데 있다. 구체적으로 불평등 완화의 국가역할 만족도와 요구도가 복지체제별로 구분되는지를 확인하고자 했다. 이를 위해 유럽사회조사(European Social Survey) 6차 자료(2012년)와 유럽연합통계국(Eurostat) 자료를 활용하여 24개 유럽국가의 비교분석을 수행했다. 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같이 정리된다. 첫째, 복지체제별로 불평등 완화에 대한 국가역할 만족도와 요구도에 차이가 존재했다. 대체로 북유럽 국가에서 만족도가 높았고, 남유럽과 동유럽 국가에서 요구도가 높았다. 둘째, 불평등 완화에 대한 국가역할 만족도가 높고, 1인당 복지지출 수준이 높으며, 재분배 효과성이 강한 국가일수록 국가역할 요구도가 낮은 상관관계가 존재했다. 셋째, 복지체제에 따라 복지태도의 유형이 구분되고 있었다. 특히 북유럽 국가들은 불평등 완화에 대한 국가역할 만족도가 높은 반면 요구도가 낮은 군집으로 수렴되고 있었다. 이들 국가들은 높은 복지지출 수준과 강한 재분배 효과성이라는 특징을 가지고 있었다. 이 연구는 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 정책적 제언을 제시하였다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.701-716
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• 2000

본 연구는 중국의 경제개혁 후 새로이 등장하는 격차의 문제를 이해하기 위하여 소유권형태별 임금의 격차와 그 지역 구조를 고찰한다. 공업부문의 임금자료를 이용하여 소유권유형간 임금격차의 역사적 변화와 그 공간적 차별성을 조사하였다. 이 논문은 중국의 공업부문에서 국가-기업의 관계를 결정하는, 변화하는 재분배경제체계라는 맥락안에서 임금격차의 패턴이 이해되어야 한다고 본다. 왜냐하면 그러한 관계가 아울러 임금격차를 포함한 제 노동시자의 결과에 영향을 미치기 때문이다. 소유형태별 임금격차의 지역구조 또한 지역내의 임금수준과 임금결정 요인간의 차별화된 관계속에서 파악되어야 한다고 본다. 이 연구의 논의 중국의 경제개혁 후 새로이 나타나는 사회적, 공간적 불평등의 문제를 이해하는데 중요한 단초를 제공한다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.310-319
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• 2018

Objectives: This study examined trends in inequality in cigarette smoking prevalence by income according to recent anti-smoking policies in Korea. Methods: The data used in this study were drawn from three nationally representative surveys, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the Korea Community Health Survey, and the Social Survey of Statistics Korea. We calculated the age-standardized smoking prevalence, the slope index of inequality, and the relative index of inequality by income level as a socioeconomic position indicator. Results: Smoking prevalence among men decreased during the study period, but the downward trend became especially pronounced in 2015, when the tobacco price was substantially increased. Inequalities in cigarette smoking by income were evident in both genders over the study period in all three national surveys examined. Absolute inequality tended to decrease between 2014 and 2015 among men. Absolute and relative inequality by income decreased between 2008 and 2016 in women aged 30-59, except between 2014 and 2015. Conclusions: The recent anti-smoking policies in Korea resulted in a downward trend in smoking prevalence among men, but not in relative inequality, throughout the study period. Absolute inequality decreased over the study period among men aged 30-59. A more aggressive tax policy is warranted to further reduce socioeconomic inequalities in smoking in young adults in Korea.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.50-58
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• 2023

Objectives: Socioeconomic inequality in metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains poorly understood in Iran. The present study examined the extent of the socioeconomic inequalities in MetS and quantified the contribution of its determinants to explain the observed inequality, with a focus on middle-aged adults in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease cohort study. A sample of 9975 middleaged adults aged 35-65 years was analyzed. MetS was assessed based on the International Diabetes Federation definition. Principal component analysis was used to construct socioeconomic status (SES). The Wagstaff normalized concentration index (CI_n) was employed to measure the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in MetS. Decomposition analysis was performed to identify and calculate the contribution of the MetS inequality determinants. Results: The proportion of MetS in the sample was 41.1%. The CI_n of having MetS was 0.043 (95% confidence interval, 0.020 to 0.066), indicating that MetS was more concentrated among individuals with high SES. The main contributors to the observed inequality in MetS were SES (72.0%), residence (rural or urban, 46.9%), and physical activity (31.5%). Conclusions: Our findings indicated a pro-poor inequality in MetS among Iranian middle-aged adults. These results highlight the importance of persuading middle-aged adults to be physically active, particularly those in an urban setting. In addition to targeting physically inactive individuals and those with low levels of education, policy interventions aimed at mitigating socioeconomic inequality in MetS should increase the focus on high-SES individuals and the urban population.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.145-150
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• 2017

This study aims to analyze panel data using OECD Health data of 34 years to examine how significant the inequality of income is to the inequality of health. The data was from OECD's pooled Health data of 32 countries from 1980 to 2013. The process of determining analysis model was as follows; First, through the descriptive statistics, we examined averages and standard deviation of variables. Second, Lagrange multiplier test has done. Third, through the F-test, we compared Least squares method and Fixed effect model. Lastly, by Hausman test, we determined proper model and examined effective factor using the model. As a result, rather than Pooled OLS Model, Fixed Effect Model was shown as effective in order to consider the characteristics of individual in the panel. The results are as follows: First, as relative poverty rate(${\beta}=-19.264$, p<.01) grows, people's life expectancy decreases. Second, as the rate of smoking(${\beta}=-.125$, p<.05) and the rate of unemployment (${\beta}=-.081$, p<.01) grows, people's life expectancy decreases. Third, as health expenditure(${\beta}=.414$, p<.01) shares more amount of GDP and as the number of hospital beds(${\beta}=-.190$, p<.05) grows, people's life expectancy increases.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of dental caries among an urban population. Methods: This study was conducted among 2000 people 15-40 years of age living in Kurdistan, Iran in 2015. Using a questionnaire, data were collected by 4 trained dental students. The dependent variable was the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMF) index. Using principal component analysis, the socioeconomic status (SES) of families was determined based on their household assets. Inequality was measured using the concentration index; in addition, the Oaxaca analytical method was used to determine the contribution of various determinants to the observed inequality. Results: The concentration index for poor scores on the DMF index was -0.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.40 to -0.36); thus, poor DMF indices had a greater concentration in groups with a low SES (p<0.001). Decomposition analysis showed that the mean prevalence of a poor DMF index was 43.7% (95% CI, 40.4 to 46.9%) in the least privileged group and 14.4% (95% CI, 9.5 to 9.2%) in the most privileged group. It was found that 85.8% of the gap observed between these groups was due to differences in sex, parents' education, and the district of residence. A poor DMF index was less prevalent among people with higher SES than among those with lower SES (odds ratio, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.52). Conclusions: An alarming degree of SES inequality in oral health status was found in the studied community. Hence, it is suggested that inequalities in oral health status be reduced via adopting appropriate policies such as the delivery of oral health services to poorer groups and covering such services in insurance programs.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.38-51
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to criticize (through available documents) the lecture in English at colleges. It is necessary that a study of English is emphasized in the era of internationalization. But, the indiscreet extension of lecture in English without consideration of the purpose, principle, and philosophy of college's education needs reflective thinking. This study criticized four dimensions, in other words the effectiveness of lecture in English, criteria of internationalization and college's competition of lecture in English, social inequality of lecture in English, and the harmfulness in the value of Korean language of lecture in English. First, most researches expressed the indiscreet extension of lecture in English was not effective in both students and professors. Second, many scholars and agencies on the internationalization and college's competition excluded the lecture in English as criteria. Third, the indiscreet extension of lecture in English had the possibility of social inequality. And fourth, the indiscreet extension of lecture in English had harmfulness in the value of Korean language and Korean's thought. College's education is an ivory tower in society. So, colleges should discard the thought that extension of lecture in English is the best way. Colleges should keep the purpose, principle, and philosophy of college's education.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제55권
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• pp.205-230
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• 2003

1990년대 이후 한국 사회의 변화를 주도해 온 거대한 두 가지의 물줄기, 즉 민주주의의 공고화와 세계화의 확산이라는 흐름 속에서 한국 사회복지 정책은 변화하였다. 이 연구의 목적은 소득보장과 사회복지서비스 영역에서 이루어진 변화를 통해 1990년 이후 전개된 한국 사회복지정책의 변화양상을 가능하면 정확하게 묘사하고 해석하는 것이다. 분석의 결과 다음과 같은 점들이 확인되었다. 첫째, 1990년 이후 사회복지 정책 영역에 대한 투입량은 크게 증가하였다. 특히 1998년에는 GDP 대비 11%선으로까지 사회복지비 지출 규모가 늘어났다. 둘째, 이러한 전환은 복지를 둘러싼 국가와 기업의 역할 재조정을 의미하며, 그것은 바로 '낙후된 국가-성장한 시장'이라는 한국 사회복지체제의 중요한 특성을 변화시키는 것이었다. 셋째, 이러한 전환의 핵심적 내용은 소득보장제도의 발전으로 요약된다. 소득보장제도의 빈곤감소 효과와 불평등 완화 효과의 증대가 실증적으로 확인되었다. 넷째, 소득보장제도의 발전과는 대조적으로 한국의 사회복지서비스 영역은 상대적으로 정체되어 있다. 가족을 비롯한 공동체의 책임으로 남겨져 비상품화되어 있던 사회복지서비스 부문은 주로 기업에 위임되었던 소득보장 부문과는 대조적으로 크게 변화하지 않은 것이다. 그러므로 1990년 이후 한국 사회복지정책의 변화는 주목할 만한 것이었지만, 그것을 통해 체제의 변화까지 이루어진 것은 아니다.