• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1761-1768
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• 2005

Effects of alpha-galactosidase (GAL) on broiler corn-soybean meal diet was investigated. In experiment 1, sixty cockerels were allocated to five groups, including three enzyme treatments (GAL added at 0, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg diet), a nitrogen-free diet group and a fast group. The true nitrogen-corrected ME (TME$_n$) and true amino acid availability were determined. In experiment 2, 324 day-old chicks were used in a 2${\times}$3 factorial design consisting of two energy contents (high and low) and three GAL levels (0, 250, and 500 mg/kg). Three feeding phases, comprising 0-21 d, 22-35 d and 36-48 d, were involved. GAL addition improved TME$_n$ and the availability of methionine and cystine (p<0.05). The apparent ME (AME) or nitrogen-corrected AME (AME$_n$) and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, calcium, and phosphorus were improved significantly on d 21, so was crude protein and an interaction of energy and GAL on AME$_n$ (p<0.05) was found on d 35. However, daily intake and daily gain were significantly improved with GAL addition (p<0.05) during 21 d. The small intestine relative weight decreased at 250 mg/kg GAL (p<0.05) on d 35, whereas presented an interaction between GAL and energy on d 21 (p<0.05). Likewise, this treatment increased breast muscle ratio (p<0.05). On d 21, triglycerides level of broilers showed interaction between energy and enzyme levels (p<0.05). Uric acid level in 500 mg/kg GAL declined linearly (p<0.05). On d 35, quadratic effects (p<0.05) were observed in total protein, albumin, globulin and cholesterol content for enzyme supplementation. And the interactive effects of energy and GAL on serum values showed more obviously. The study implies that GAL improved energy and nutrient availability of corn-soybean meal diet in broiler. The GAL supplementation to corn-soybean meal based diet can improve performance of broilers in early stages of growth.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.873-876
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• 2000

So-gal(消渴) is a oriental medical pathologic state that is characterized by 3 major symptoms - thirst, polyphasia, polyuria - of which especially thirst features Sang-so(上消). Diabetes mellitus and So-gal(消渴) have many points in common. But there are considerable differencies between them, because they have obviously different diagnostic bases from each other. That is, oriental medicine places more weight on symptoms than clinopathologic laboratory reports. This case of stroke patient complained of severe thirst and additional dryness in the mouth, choking sensation in the chest, hidrosis, insomnia, dark colored urine, constipation. The patient had no clinical history of diabetes mellitus. Based on oriental medical standards, we diagnosed the case as Sang-so(上消). Several herbal medicines were dispensed for 48 days. And considerably effective result were obtained. Object : 1 case of stroke patient who complained severe thirst. Medication : . Seonghyangjeonggisan for 5 days (2000. 6. 9 - 6. 13.) . Paljeongsan for 21 days (2000. 6. 14. -7. 5) . Ikwonsan for 8 days (2000. 7. 6 - 7. 13) . Okcheonsan for 14 days (2000. 7. 14 - 7. 27) Result : 1. After administration of Paljeongsan, dark colored urine turned normal. 2. After administration of Ikwonsan, dryness in the mouth improved. 3. After administration of Okcheonsan, thirst significantly improved. Constipation, choking sensation, hidrosis, insomnia also improved.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.379-383
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• 2004

For the elucidation of substrate specificity to the brown copra meal by Bacillus sp. ${\beta}-mannanase.$, the enzymatic hydrolysate after 24 hr of reaction was heated in a boiling water bath for 10 min, and then centrifuged to remove the insoluble materials from hydrolysates. The major hydrolysates composed of D.P 5 and 7 galactosyl mannooligosaccharides. For the separate of galactosyl mannooligosaccharides, the supernatant solution of 150 ml was put on a first activated carbon column. The column was then washed with 5 l of water to remove mannose and salts. The oligosaccharides in the column were eluted by a liner gradient of $0{\sim}30%$ ethanol, at the flow rate of 250 ml per hour. The sugar composition in each fraction tubes was examined by TLC and FACE analysis. The combined fraction from F3 was concentrated to 30 ml by vacuum evaporator. Then put on a second activated carbon column. The oligosaccharides in the column were eluted by a liner gradient of $0{\sim}30%$ ethanol (total volume: 5 l), at the flow rate of 250 ml per hour. The eluent was collected in 8 ml fraction tubes, and the total sugar concentration was measured by method of phenol-sulfuric acid. The major component of F2 separated by 2nd activated carbon column chromatography were identified $Gal^3Man_4(6^3-mono-{\alpha}-D-galactopyranosyl-{\beta}-mannotetraose)$. To investigate the effects of brown copra meal galactomannooligosaccharides on growth of Bifidobacterium longum, B. bifidum were cultivated individually on the modified-MRS medium containing carbon source such as $Gal^3Man_4$, compared to those of standard MRS medium.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.1025-1032
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• 1998

In this paper, the PLD design tool which realizes a digital circuit as PLD, by using EDIF netlist of the digital circuit designed at OrCAD have been developed. This paper is proposed the following algorithms: JIE(Joined Information Extractor) which extracts the connecting information between both cells in order to realize the digital circuit as PLD using the EDIF netlist, FND(Feedback Node Detector) which look into whether feedback exists or not, BEG(Boolean Equation Generator) which generates a boolean equation, and so on. Also, this paper is developed auto-select function which selects the PLD element with consideration of number of I/O variables of the minimized boolean equation, and algorithm generation JEDEC file of GAL6001 and GAL6002, having a forms of EPLD which is bigger than PLD.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.893-904
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• 2006

To improve sensitivity of biosensor as yeast two-hybrid detection system for estrogenic activity of suspected chemicals, we tested effects of several combinations of the bait and fish components in the two-hybrid system on Saccharomyces cerevisiae inducted a chromosome-integrated lacZ reporter gene that was under the control of CYC1 promoter and the upstream Gal4p-binding element $UAS_{GAL}$. The bait components that were fused with the Gal4p DNA binding domain are full-length human estrogen receptor ${\alpha}$ and its ligand-binding domain. The fish components that were fused with the Gal4p transcriptional activation domain were nuclear receptor-binding domains of co-activators SRC1 and TIF2. We found that the combination of the full-length human estrogen receptor ${\alpha}$ with the nuclear receptor-binding domain of co-activator SRC1 was most effective for the estrogen-dependent induction of reporter activity among the two-hybrid systems so far reported. The relative strength of transcriptional activation by representative natural and xenobiotic chemicals was well correlated with their estrogenic potency that had been reported with other assay systems.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.209-218
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• 2014

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of human multiple sclerosis (MS), reflects pathophysiologic steps in MS such as the influence of T cells and antibodies reactive to the myelin sheath, and the cytotoxic effect of cytokines. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a member of animal lectins that plays an essential role in various biological functions. The expression of Gal-9 is significantly enhanced in MS lesions; however, its role in autoimmune disease has not been fully elucidated. To identify the role of Gal-9 in EAE, we measured changes in mRNA and protein expression of Gal-9 as EAE progressed. Expression increased with disease progression, with a sharp rise occurring at its peak. Gal-9 immunoreactivity was mainly expressed in astrocytes and microglia of the central nervous system (CNS) and macrophages of spleen. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that $Gal-9^+CD11b^+$ cells were dramatically increased in the spleen at the peak of disease. Increased expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-R1 and p-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was observed in the CNS of EAE mice, suggesting that TNF-R1 and p-JNK might be key regulators contributing to the expression of Gal-9 during EAE. These results suggest that identification of the relationship between Gal-9 and EAE progression is critical for better understanding Gal-9 biology in autoimmune disease.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.12-24
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• 2008

Background: It is currently thought that tissue valve degeneration is related to an animal's immune response, which is mainly due to cell surface ${\alpha}$-Gal epitopes. Cell surface ${\alpha}$-Gal epitopes are known to be degraded by the enzyme called green coffee bean ${\alpha}$-Galactosidase. It is also well known that ${\alpha}$-Gal epitopes are immunologically stained by Griffonia Simplicifolia isolectin type B4. We know that many commercially available tissue valves are made of aortic valves and pericardial tissue of pig. So, we investigated whether ${\alpha}$-Gal epitopes of the aortic valve and pericardial tissue of a pig can be removed by green coffee bean ${\alpha}$-Galactosidase, and we did so by comparing immunologic staining of the tissues before and after the enzyme treatment. Material and method: After treating fresh porcine aortic valve and pericardial tissue with green coffee bean ${\alpha}$-Galactosidase at concentrations of 0.5 unit/mL, 1.0 unit/mL, 2.0 unit/mL, respectively, under the condition of pH 6.5, temperature. $4^{\circ}C$ and 24 hours of incubation, each sample was stained with Griffonia Simplicifolia isolectin type B4 immunpfluorescent labeling. We then examined whether the ${\alpha}$-Gal epitopes were reduced or abolished in each consecutive. concentration of green coffee bean ${\alpha}$-Galactosidase by comparing the degree of the Griffonia Simplicifolia isolectin B4 staining in each sample. Result: In the pig aortic valve tissue, a 1.0 unit/mL concentration of green coffee bean ${\alpha}$-Galactosidase at pH 6.5, $4^{\circ}C$ and reaction for 24 hours was enough for complete removal of ${\alpha}$-Gal epitopes from the cell sur face on the immunostaining with Griffonia Simplicifolia isolectin B4. On the other hand, more ${\alpha}$-Gal epitopes were present in the pig pericardial tissue on Griffonia Simplicifolia isolectin B4 staining before the enzyme treatment, and 1.0 unit/mL of galactosidase was not sufficient for complete removal of ${\alpha}$-Gal from the tissue. 2.0 units/mL of green coffee bean ${\alpha}$-Galactosidase was needed to completely remove the ${\alpha}$-Gal epitopes from the pericardial tissue on immunostaining. Conclusion: The ${\alpha}$-Gal epitopes of the pig's aortic valve and pericardial tissue were successfully stained with Griffonia Simplicifolia isolectin B4. We could remove nearly all the ${\alpha}$-Gal epitopes using green coffee bean ${\alpha}$-Galactosidase at the concentration of 1.0 unit/mL in the aortic valve. Of pig, and 2.0 unit/mL was need to nearly completely remove all the ${\alpha}$-Gal epitopes in the pericardial tissue of pig under the condition of pH 6.5, $4^{\circ}C$ and 24 hours of reaction time. In the near future, removal of ${\alpha}$-Gal epitapes in the pig's aortic valve and pericardial tissue will become a powerful tool for the improvement of the tissue valve durability. It needs to be determined if ${\alpha}$-galactosidase treated pig tissue is immune to human anti-Gal antibody or anit-Gal mooclonal antibodies.

• 대한두경부종양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.287.1-287.1
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• 1997

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.151-151
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• 2006

• 대한두경부종양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1993.11a
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• pp.263.3-264
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• 1993