• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.856-874
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• 2016

This study aims to figure out the weather and climate environment of Seoul area in S. Korea during 1623~1800, which has not been studied so far, by using daily records of weather conditions and meteorological phenomena in the Daily Records of Royal Secretariat of Joseon Dynasty(承政院日記) together with records of abnormal weather conditions and natural disasters in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮王朝實錄). During 1500~1760 as a period of the Little Ice Age it was generally cold and dry, particularly cool summers of Seoul area. Changes in weather conditions and meteorological phenomena and climate changes appeared prominently at around 1650, 1710, 1770. The annual numbers of rain days and of snow days began to change largely in the 1640s. The rain(and snow) days reduced significantly in the 1710s~1650s, but increased sharply in the 1710s and later. The rain days in summer rapidly increased after the late 1710s, while the snow days greatly reduced after the mid 1770s. The cloudy days around the 1710s greatly reduced in summer, while slightly increased in winter. The hail days increased significantly in the late 1720s and lasted until the 1760s. The fog days began to reduce after 1770 to the fewer days than the climatic normals of 1981~2010. These times are overall consistent with findings of historical climatological cross-checking data and geophysical biological proxy data, accompanied by a trend of relatively enhanced colder and drier of Seoul area.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.32-40
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• 2008

In this study, we monitor ice cap using calculated NDSI from September to December in 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007 and snow cover area in 2007 decrease by compare with 2001. Global warming is one of the most important issue in this world. Because global-warming is the reason of various meteorological disasters and extreme weather events in these days and snow and glaciers showed that global warming effect most easily. Snow and glaciers play an important role in Earth cooling system because of their high reflectance. The present study has been carried out monitoring ice cap in Himalayas, using MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)data. Indicator to monitoring ice cap, NDSI(Normalized Differenced Snow Index) was used in this study. The NDSI is a spectral band ratio that takes advantage of the spectral differences of snow in visible and short-wave infrared domain to detect snow cover area versus non-snow cover area in a scene. This study is quantitative evaluation about effect of global warming for icecap.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.337-344
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• 1998

This paper documented mophological changes of embryonic development and first zoea larvae of snow crab, Chinoecetes opilio. Female crabs were sampled by the Danish seine fishery at the depth about 200m in Sep. 1997 in the eastern coast of Korea. Female with newly berried eggs was reared at the water temperature of 5$^{\circ}C$ till the time of hatching. The results obtained are as follwos. Embryonic development : According to morphogenesis of fertilized eggs, the developemental process of the embryo was classified into the following seven stages : First stage (cleavage and blastula stage, 24 days) Second stage (gastrula stage, 72 days) Third stage (nauplius stage, 22 days) Fourth stage (metanauplius stage, 57days) Fifth stage (stage of a pigmentary deposit in the compound eye, 30 days) sixth stage (chromatophore appearance stage in maxillipede, 56 days) Seventh stage (hatching stage, 36 days) Larvae hatched as prezoeas and they molted to first zoea in about an hour. The first zoea is 4.6 to 5.1mm in length, 3.2~3.6mm in width. The abdomen consists of five segments and a bifurcate telson.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.211-220
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• 2016

It is very common to produce fairytales, folktales, or fables into animations. If they often transform existing works into animations, we may have to examine how they change the original to communicate with the audience and also how they change the original's subject matter or theme to create meaning. The purpose of this study is to consider how the original's meaning and value were changed as Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale, "The Snow Queen", was converted into an animation, , and also how it influenced the work itself. To attain the goal, this author is going to comparatively analyze the two works' narratives, actants, and semiotic squares by using A.J. Greimas' semiology. According to the findings, although "The Snow Queen" expresses the desire to go back to happy days in the past, it is not a simple return to the past but a stepwise process to become mature mentally as well as religiously. Meanwhile, intends to generate past-oriented meaning expressing the desire to return what is abnormal in the present to what was normal in the past and resolve the individual and religious aspects of "The Snow Queen" in a social and popular way.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2011

The susceptibility of cultivars of three bentgrass species (creeping, colonial, and velvet bentgrass) was evaluated on detached leaves assays with pink snow mold 9 isolates caused by Microdochum nivale in Petri dishes and whole plants under controlled conditions. The pink snow mold isolates obtained from infected turfgrasses on golf courses in Wisconsin were tested on response of fungicides and temperature. Detached leaf assay and susceptibility of bentgrass cultivars were evaluated with potted adult seeding during 80 days. Nine isolates were susceptible to two fungicides and were significantly different among isolates. Mycelial growth was varied in response of temperatures among isolates. There were significant differences in development and colonization of the fungus on detached leaf assay among bentgrass species include culvitars. There were significant differences on whole plants in disease severities among the three bentgrass species, particularly between tetraploids (creeping and colonial) and diploid (velvet) species, and among cultivars within each species, indicating that there are varying levels of susceptibility in species and cultivars to M. nivale. This study could be applied to evaluate the susceptibility of bentgrass to pink snow mold and also to predict a prospective evaluation of bentgrass cultivars to pink snow mold in fields in a breeding program.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.191-205
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• 1998

Among cauliflower, ‘Snow king’ and ‘Snow crown’, which are early maturing cultivars, showed active early vegetative growth. However, ‘Snow dress’ showed good curd characteristics and in marketability, ‘Green beauty’was superior and can also be grown in Cheju. All the cauliflower and broccoli Plots transplanted on Sep. 3 and on Sep. 17 had fewer number of days from the planting date to the harvesting date than did the plots transplanted on Oct. 1. h the case of broccoli, those transplanted on Oct. 1 had the highest marketability. In the case of cauliflower cultivars, ‘Snow dress’a late maturing cultivar, demonstrated the greatest reduction in growing stage when cultivated in an unheated plastic film houses and broccoli, growing stage is similar between those grown in an open field and those grown in unheated plastic film houses. For all the cauliflower and broccoli, the contents of vitamin A and C showed no significant difference between those grown in an open field and those grown in unheated plastic film houses.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2008

This study intends to clarify the characteristics and causes of current changes in wintertime precipitation in Korea and to predict the future directions based on surface observational $(1973/04\sim2006/07)$ and modeled (GFDL 2.1) climate data. Analyses of surface observation data demonstrate that without changes in the total amount of precipitation, snowfall in winter (November-April) has reduced by 4.3cm/decade over the $1973\sim2007$ period. Moreover, the frequency and intensity of snowfall have decreased; the duration of snow season has shortened; and the snow-to-rain day ratio (STDR) has decreased. These patterns indicate that the type of wintertime precipitation has changed from snow to rain in recent decades. The snow-to-rain change in winter is associated with the increases of air temperature (AT) over South Korea. Analyses of synoptic charts reveal that the warming pattern is associated with the formation of a positive pressure anomaly core over northeast Asia by a hemispheric positive winter Arctic Oscillation (AO) mode. Moreover, the differentiated warming of AT versus sea surface temperature (SST) under the high pressure anomaly core reduces the air-sea temperature gradient, and subsequently it increases the atmospheric stability above oceans, which is associated with less formation of snow cloud. Comparisons of modeled data between torrent $(1981\sim2000)$ and future $(2081\sim2100)$ periods suggest that the intensified warming with larger anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission in the $21^{st}$ century will amplify the magnitude of these changes. More reduction of snow impossible days as well as more abbreviation of snow seasons is predicted in the $21^{st}$ century.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 2013

PURPOSES : This study aims to investigate the snow-melt effects of an underground electric heater's snow-melt system via a field performance test, for evaluating the suitability of the system for use on a concrete pavement. The study also investigates the effectiveness of dynamic measures for clearing snow after snowfall events. METHODS : In order to check the field applicability, in November 2010, specimens were prepared from materials used for constructing concrete pavements, and underground electric heating meshes (HOT-mesh) were buried at depths of 50 mm and 100 mm at the site of the Incheon International Airport Construction Research Institute. Further, an automatic heating control system, including a motion sensor and pavement-temperature-controlled sensor, were installed at the site; the former sensor was intended for determining snow-melt effects of the heating control system for different snowfall intensities. Pavement snow-melt effects on snowy days from December 2010 to January 2011 were examined by managing the electric heating meshes and the heating control system. In addition, data on pavement temperature changes resulting from the use of the heating meshes and heating control system and on the dependence of the correlation between the outdoor air temperature and the time taken for the required temperature rise on the depth of the heating meshes were collected and analyzed. RESULTS : The effects of the heating control system's preheat temperature and the hot meshes buried at depths of 50 mm and 100 mm on the melting of snow for snowfalls of different intensities have been verified. From the study of the time taken for the specimen's surface temperature to increase from the preheat temperature ($0^{\circ}C$) to the reference temperature ($5{\sim}8^{\circ}C$) for different snowfall intensities, the correlation between the burial depth and outdoor air temperature has been determined to be as follows: Time=15.10+1.141Depth-6.465Temp CONCLUSIONS : The following measures are suggested. For the effective use of the electric heating mesh, it should be located under a slab it may be put to practical use by positioning it under a slab. From the management aspect, the heating control system should be adjusted according to weather conditions, that is, the snowfall intensity.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2010

During 2008~2009 winter season, yellow patch and gray snow mold occurred on turfgrass plants in golf courses in Kangwon and Jeonbuk provinces, respectively. The fungi associated with the diseases were identified as Rhizoctonia cerealis Van der Hoeven and Typhlua incarnata Lasch ex Fr., based on the morphological characteristics of hyphae and sclerotia. R. cerealis and T. incarnata were pathogenic to most turfgrass and crop species tested. R. cerealis infected crown, stem and leaf tissue of the host plants, and the symptom was light yellow circular patch. Individual infected leaf near the margin of patch developed red color first and finally turn brown. The symptoms caused by gray snow mold pathogen are water-soaked spots, and became a watery soft rot. Infection parts became yellow and then turned brown followed by death of the whole plant. White mycelia were developed on higher petioles, leaves, and on soil where these plant parts lay, and black sclerotia of variable size and shape formed in the mycelial mass. All isolates tested were pathogenic on most turfgrass and crop plants, and significantly different in aggressiveness. Disease severity increased with longer snow cover days on target plants, suggesting that disease severity was expressed over snow cover days. There were significant differences in disease severity among the graminious species, and among cultivars within each species, indicating varying levels of susceptibility to R. cerealis and T. incarnata.

• Proceedings of the Korean Quaternary Association Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.24-25
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• 2004

It is well known that there is an inverse relationship between the strength of Indian summer monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) and extent of Eurasian snow cover/depth in the preceding season. Tibetan snow cover/depth also affects the Asian monsoon rainy season largely. The positive correlation between Tibetan sensible heat flux and southeast Asian rainfall suggest an inverse relationship between Tibetan snow cover and southeast Asian rainfall. Developments in Regional Climate Models suggest that the effect of Tibetan snow on the ISMR can be well studied by Limited Area Models (LAMs). LAMs are used for regional climate studies and operational weather forecast of several hours to 3 days in future. The Eta model developed by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) and Regional Climate Model (RegCM) have been used for weather prediction as well as for the study of present-day climate and variability over different parts of the world. Regional Climate Model (RegCM3) has been widely . used for various mesoscale studies. However, it has not been tested to study the characteristics of circulation features and associated rainfall over India so far. In the present study, Regional Climate Model (RegCM-3) has been integrated from 1 st April to 30th September for the years 1993-1996 and monthly mean monsoon circulation features and rainfall simulated by the model at 55km resolution have been studied for the Indian summer monsoon season. Characteristics of wind at 850hPa and 200hPa, temperature at 500hPa, surface pressure and rainfall simulated by the model have been examined for two convective schemes such as Kuo and Grell with Arakawa-Schubert as the closure scheme, Model simulated monsoon circulation features have been compared with those of NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed fields and the rainfall with those of India Meteorological Department (IMD) observational rainfall datasets, Comparisons of wind and temperature fields show that Grell scheme is closer to the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, The influence of Tibetan snowdepth in spring season on the summer monsoon circulation features and subsequent rainfall over India have been examined. For such sensitivity experiment, NIMBUS-7 SMMR snowdepth data have been used as a boundary condition in the RegCM3, Model simulation indicates that ISMR is reduced by 30% when 10cm of snow has been introduced over Tibetan region in the month of previous April. The existence of Tibetan snow in RegCM3 also indicates weak lower level monsoon westerlies and upper level easterlies.