• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

The mycelial morphology during submerged cultivation of Ganoderma ludium using by air-lift fermenter system were analyzed by image processing system and the characterization of mycelial morphology were investigated. In submerged culture using medium with different ammonium phosphate concentrations, the various morphological forms of G. lucidum mycelium were observed. The filamentous forms such as non-branched long filamentous mycelium, non-branched short mycelium, branched long filamentous mycelium, branched short mycelium, entangled mycelium and clump were observed, and also, and also, the pelleted forms such as smooth pellet, rough pellet and hollow rough pellet were observed. The mycelial morphology was changed from the filamentous to the pelleted forms by addition of ammonium phosphate. The fractal dimensions of pelleted and filamentous forms were 1.05 and 1.3, respectively, while the fractal dimension of mixtures of pelleted and filamentous forms was 1.16. Therefore, the fractal dimension was found to be more effective index for the detection of the mycelial morphology and morphological change during batch cultivation. The circularity was also found to be useful for evaluating the surface growth of pelleted mycelium.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.439-448
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• 2018

Objective: Myogenic satellite cells were isolated from semitendinosus muscle of prepubertal Korean black goat to observe the differential effect of linolenic and retinoic acid in thepresence of thiazolidinediones (TZD) and also to observe the production insulin sensitive preadipocyte. Methods: Cells were characterized for their stemness with cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34), CD13, CD106, CD44, Vimentin surface markers using flow cytometry. Cells characterized themselves as possessing significant (p<0.05) levels of CD13, CD34, CD106, Vimentin revealing their stemness potential. Goat myogenic satellite cells also exhibited CD44, indicating that they possessed a % of stemness factors of adipose lineage apart from their inherent stemness of paxillin factors 3/7. Results: Cells during proliferation stayed absolutely and firmly within the myogenic fate without any external cues and continued to show a significant (p<0.05) fusion index % to express myogenic differentiation, myosin heavy chain, and smooth muscle actin in 2% horse serum. However, confluent myogenic satellite cells were the ones easily turning into adipogenic lineage. Intriguingly, upregulation in adipose specific genetic markers such as peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor ${\gamma}$, adiponectin, lipoprotein lipase, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ${\alpha}$ were observed and confirmed in all given treatments. However, the amount of adipogenesis was found to be statistically significant (p<0.01) with linolenic acid as compared to retinoic acid in combination with TZD's. Conclusion: Retinoic acid was found to produce smaller preadipocytes which have been assumed to have insulin sensitization and hence retinoic acid could be used as a potential agent to sensitize tissues to insulin in combination with TZD's to treat diabetic conditions in humans and animals in future.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2011

The $Tio_2$ films were prepared on glass, silicon and quartz substrate at different temperature by radio frequency reactive magnetron sputtering under different flow ratios of Ar and O2 gases. The films were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Only the anatase phase was observed in films and their diffaction peaks increased with temprature of substrate. The size of crystallites decreased with higher concentration of oxygen. Refractive index and optical absorption of thin films decreased with higher concentration of oxygen. The thin films which have good transmittance spectra and smooth surface, deposited in the sputtering ambient with 10 % of $O_2$ at the temperature from $400{\circ}C$ to $300{\circ}C$.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 2017

The high prevalence of pediculosis capitis, commonly known as head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation, has led to the preparation of a community-based pediculicidal ointment, which is made of common household items and the extract of Tinospora crispa stem. The present study aimed to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and physicochemical characteristics of the T. crispa pediculicidal ointment. The physicochemical properties of the ointment were characterized, and safety was determined using acute dermal irritation test (OECD 404), while the efficacy was assessed using an in vitro pediculicidal assay. Furthermore, the chemical compounds present in T. crispa were identified using liquid-liquid extraction followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometric (UPLC-qTOF/MS) analysis. The community-based ointment formulation was light yellow in color, homogeneous, smooth, with distinct aromatic odor and pH of $6.92{\pm}0.09$. It has spreadability value of $15.04{\pm}0.98g{\cdot}cm/sec$ and has thixotropic behavior. It was also found to be non-irritant, with a primary irritation index value of 0.15. Moreover, it was comparable to the pediculicidal activity of the positive control $Kwell^{(R)}$, a commercially available 1% permethrin shampoo (P>0.05), and was significantly different to the activity of the negative control ointment, a mixture of palm oil and candle wax (P<0.05). These findings suggested that the community-based T. crispa pediculicidal ointment is safe and effective, having acceptable physicochemical characteristics. Its activity can be attributed to the presence of compounds moupinamide and physalin I.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.65-73
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• 2007

Objective : Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae) (SM), an eminent herbal plant, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of vascular diseases such as hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine whether SM inhibits production of nitrite, an index of NO, and proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. And this study investigated whether or not SM could reduce tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$)-induced inflammatory response in human vascular aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Methods : Cytotoxic activity of SM on RAW 264.7 cells was using 5-(3-caroboxymeth-oxy phenyJ)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt (MTS) assay. We measured the NO production using Griess Reagent System. Production of Proliflammatory cytokines was measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results : Our results indicated that SM significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO production accompanied by an attenuation of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 formation in macrophages. SM decreased TNF-${\alpha}$-induced IL-8, IL-6 production, and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression. Conclusion : These results indicate that SM has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2010

Crack-controlled blasting method which utilizes notched charge hole has been proposed in order to achieve smooth fracture plane and minimize the excavation damage zone. In this study, the blast models, which have a notched charge hole, were analyzed using dynamic fracture process analysis software to investigate the effect of the geometry of a notched charge hole and decoupling indexes of the charge hole on crack growth control in blasting. As a result, crack extension increased and damage crack decreased with the notch length. Ultimately, stress increment factors and resultant fracture patterns with different notch length and width were analyzed in order to examine the effect factors on the crack growth controlling in rock blasts using a notched charge hole.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.851-859
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• 2002

This paper discusses the design of a working system that visually recognizes hand gestures for the control of a window based user interface. We present a method for tracking the fingertip of the index finger using a single camera. Our method is based on CAMSHIFT algorithm and performs better than the CAMSHIFT algorithm in that it tracks well particular hand poses used in the system in complex backgrounds. We describe how the location of the fingertip is mapped to a location on the monitor, and how it Is both necessary and possible to smooth the path of the fingertip location using a physical model of a mouse pointer. Our method is able to track in real time, yet not absorb a major share of computational resources. The performance of our system shows a great promise that we will be able to use this methodology to control computers in near future.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.5 no.8
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• pp.889-897
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• 1999

This paper deals with a problem searching a target transfer function to meet the time-domain specifications for feedback system with given plant transfer function. For the Type I system, we first define three forms of transient response to unit step input, which are named by F, M, S-type. These are charaacterized as follows ; F-type has fast initial response and slow approach to the steady sate after reaching at 90% of the steady state value, S-type has slow initial response but fast approach to the steady state, and M-type is denoted by highly smooth response between F-type and S-type. Three prototypes corresponding to each form are proposed, time. For the order $n{\geq}4$, after determining admissible root structures of target characteristic polynomials empirically and expressing such polynomial coefficients by using special parameters ${\gamma}_i$ and $\epsilon$, the optimal prototypes that minimize the integral of the squared of the modified errors(ISME) have been obtained. Since the step responses of these prototypes have almost same wave forms irrespective to the order, the desired settling time or the rise time can be converted into the equibalent time constant $\tau$ and thus it is easy to obtain a target transfer function. It is shown through a design example that the present prototype is very useful for meeting the time-domain specifications and has been compared with different methods with a viewpoint of pertinence.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.209-215
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• 1997

Aluminum nitride(AIN) thin films were deposited by reactive single ion beam sputtering using N2 or NH3 as reactive gas. The structural, compositional and optical properties of AIN thin films were characterized by XRD, GAXRD, TEM, SEM, XPS UV/VIS spectrophotometer, and FT-IR. All the deposited AIN thin films were amorphous by the analysis fo XRD and GAXRD. However, TEM analysis showed that AIN nano-crystallites were uniformly distributed in the films. The presence of Al-N bonds were also confirmed by FT-IR and XPS analyses. The optical bandgap of AIN films increased up to 6.2 eV and the transmittance was a-bout 100% in visible range with approaching the stoichimetric composition. Irrespective of using N2 or NH3 as reactive gas, the deposited AIN thin films had very smooth surface morphologies. Their refractive index ranged from 1.6 to 1.7.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.127-134
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• 2011

Recently, the wireless data communication infrastructure appearing before the footlights crosses the limit in the wire and develop into the fast speed. Particularly, the issue about the u-Healthcare service using this increases. And the investigation of the quality guarantee of the wireless data network is important for the smooth service providing. However, the quality control research about the wireless network is insufficient because the existing research performs the quality control between the termination about the wired network continually. This paper presented the mobile service quality measurement reference considering the radio environment,that is the method for satisfying the quality guarantee of the wireless data network user offered the u-Healthcare service as the research about this and user needs. For this purpose, wireless data quality measurement indicator and standard was selected. The quality measure evaluation plan was presented according to the service. And each service presented the quality index especially.