• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2021

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with quitting smoking in Indonesia Methods: Data on 11 115 individuals from the fifth wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey were analyzed. Quitting smoking was the main outcome, defined as smoking status based on the answer to the question "do you still habitually (smoke cigarettes/smoke a pipe/use chewing tobacco) or have you totally quit?" Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with successful attempts to quit smoking. Results: The prevalence of quitting smoking was 12.3%. The odds of successfully quitting smoking were higher among smokers who were female (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.08 to 3.33), were divorced (aOR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.82 to 3.29), did not chew tobacco (aOR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.79 to 5.08), found it difficult to sacrifice smoking at other times than in the morning (aOR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.46), and not smoke when sick (aOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.54). About 59% of variance in successful attempts to quit smoking could be explained using a model consisting of those variables. Conclusions: Female sex, being divorced, not chewing tobacco, and nicotine dependence increased the odds of quitting smoking and were associated with quitting smoking successfully. Regular and integrated attempts to quit smoking based on individuals' internal characteristics, tobacco use activity, and smoking behavior are needed to quit smoking.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.272-281
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• 2004

Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of smoking behavior among elementary students which may serve as basic data for developing a smoking prevention program. Method: Questionnaires were given to 734 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders in five elementary schools in U county, North Chungcheong Province. Data were collected from 8 to 20 December, 2003; and analyzed using SPSS/PC for descriptive and chi-square statistics. Result: Of these students, 19.9％ reported that they had smoked and 0.8％ answered they are current smokers. They reported that the first smoking started during third grade (26.0％), at their homes (38.4％), and out of curiosity (74.0％). They reported severe coughing when they first smoked (56.2％). Smoking experiences were significantly related to grade, gender, and academic performance. Similarly, environmental characteristics such as residential area, parental status, father's job, parental attention, home atmosphere, and smoking siblings or friends were significantly related to smoking behavior. Among non-smokers, 86.4％ intended not to smoke and 1.4％ would like to smoke in the future. Conclusion: Certain school and environmental characteristics were associated with smoking experimentation. Therefore teachers and parents should use this information to develop and guide smoking prevention programs.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.353-360
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• 1997

The modeling on fire safety assessment for a tall and narrow atrium is carried out using a reduced and full scale atrium models based on the performances of flow behavior in and near comer fire and smoke ventilation system. The comer (or wall) effects on the flame behavior considering air entrainment into a flame was evaluated theoretically and experimentally. Temperature, upward velocity, inlet air velocity, and pressure difference between the atrium space and atmosphere were measured systematically in a reduced scale model. The performance of the modeling to estimate temperature rise and natural air ventilation volume was verified based on the experimental results. Smoke filling rate from a model fire source set at the center of a tall and narrow atrium is fastest in the other cases in which fire source set in or near a corner. This suggested that the centering of the fire source is acceptable as the fire source position to assess the fire safety design for a tall and narrow atrium.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.19 no.1 s.57
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• pp.80-86
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• 2005

In this study effects of the natural wind and the forced smoke ejection by operating the exhaust fan are studied numerically to examine the flow characteristics of the smoke and heat generated from a fire on the platform of an underground subway station. Three different situations, including 1) the case with no natural wind and no exhaust fan operation, 2) the case with natural wind but no exhaust fan operation and 3) the case with no natural wind but exhaust fan operation, are considered for the numerical analyses. The numerical results show that the natural wind causes a rapid spread of the fire along the tunnel resulting in rapid spread of the smoke and heat over the platform which affects the escape. The operation of the exhaust fan also results in the rapid spread of smoke and heat over the platform, but the time required for reaching the safe escaping height of the smoke layer with the exhaust fan operation is much longer than that without the exhaust fan operation. The numerical results also show that the required capacity of the exhaust fan becomes larger when the effect of the natural wind is included.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.281-292
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• 2000

This study was conducted from Nov. 15 to Dec. 20. 1999, covering 3.214 fourth. fifth, and sixth graders in 25 schools. one from each Ku in Seoul. in order to provide basic data for developing smoking prevention program. The results of the study were as follows : 1. Among the students under inquiry. $10.2\%$ answered they had the experience of smoking, while $6.3\%$ said they are current smokers. 2. With regard to smokers' smoking behavior. about 90% of them smoke one or two cigarettes a day. A lot of them was their own or friends' homes to smoke. but not at specific time. Many students who smoke say they was cigarettes stored and/or picked up at home. $28.9\%$ of them have friends who know that they smoke and $27.7\%$ of them have siblings are aware they are smokers. $24.2\%$ of them said no one around them is aware of the fact they. smoke. 3. Forth grade is the most frequent year students start smoking$(23.5\%)$. Most of them had their first smoking experience at their homes out of curiosity. 4. Profile of a typical smoker would; be male; from miscellaneous religions; have very few friends: have hard time to fit in at school and he/she has a poor academic record. 5. Environmental profile of a smoker consists of: commercial area resident: single-parented; lacks attention from parents; has hard time at home; has someone who smokes within the family. 6. Regarding the experience of smoking prevention education. the rate of current smokers who have learned about smoking prevention was lower than that of who have not learned. 7. Among the non-smoking students. $81.3\%$ of them said they would keep away from smoking and $1.6\%$ of them said they would like to smoke in the future. while $17.1\%$ were undecided. Among the students who smoke. $93.7\%$ wish to quit smoking.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.26-33
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• 2002

Adolescents exposed chronically to tobaccotobacco smoke have been found to have reduced pulmonary function as well as an increased risk of lung cancer and a serious heart disease. Consequently, reducing exposure to tobacco smoke is an important public health goal. This study was conducted to develope the exact evaluation method of student smoker or heavy exposure from ETS, and the change on smoking behavior and attitude after a stop-smoking program. From the study, we concluded that the cotinine concentrations in saliva from students indicate exactly whether they are smoker or not. Also, it was found that the more and exact informations from both the cotinine analysis and the questionnaire were obtained than from only the questionnaires. The non-smokers had more positive effects on the changes of cog-nitions, behaviors and attitude about passive-smoking after a stop-smoking program than the smokers. The results of this study show that through both the accurate determination of cotinine in saliva and the questionnaires, the smoking status and the tobacco education effectiveness can be predicted.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.67-70
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• 2002

In the present study a pre/post-processor program has been developed to be used with a general CFD code. This program is capable of performing the basic functions of the pre/post-processing, which include mesh generation and post processing plots. Also through perspective projection, this program can be used to check the quality of generated mesh by moving around inside the mesh. The smoke visualization can be also performed with the present program to visualize the smoke behavior in the case of fire simulation. The examples of the program execution are given in paper.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.19 no.1 s.57
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• pp.87-92
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• 2005

In this paper, numerical simulation are conducted to predict the characteristics of the heat transfer and smoke flow and evacuation in the road tunnel. Fire source are used about 30 MW and the turbulent flow characteristics are considered by standard k-epsilon turbulent model. The effect of transient thermal behavior and disaster prevention can be used for designing the road tunnel.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.18-27
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• 2000

The spray models incorporated into the GTT code were tested for free spray, spray in swirling flows and the sprays impinging on a flat wall. And the validity of the models has been confirmed by comparing the calculated results with the experimental data. Using this code, the spray behavior in the diesel combustion chamber have been numerically analyzed for variation of nozzle diameter. Also, the effects of nozzle diameter in diesel combustion was investigated experimentally by measuring the performance in a D.I engine. This study provides the information for the spray characteristics and emissions with variation of nozzle diameter. As a result, it has shown that decreasing nozzle diameter resulted in improving smoke and specific fuel consumption in a middle speed range.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.821-827
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• 2003

Reduced-scale experimental study was carried out on the heat flow behavior which flows under the sloped ceiling in underground fire. Temperature and flow velocity were measured to characterize the ceiling jet along the sloped stairway ceiling. The methanol fuel was used as a model fire source giving 2.2 and 3.4 kW, with changing the slope angle of stairway adopting of 15, 25, 35, and 45 deg. Based on the experimental data, excess temperature and velocity along the sloped stairway ceiling were examined which are usefully applicable to estimate the activating conditions of heat detector and sprinkler head mounted on the sloped ceiling. Excess temperature in upper exit of the sloped stairway was also examined to analyze the soffit which delays the smoke diffusion. The result shows that the activating conditions of heat detector and sprinkler in the sloped stairway ceiling have to be considered differently in a point of about 30 deg.