• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2019

Currently, LPWA(Low Power Wide Area) communication technology is widely used due to the development of IoT(Internet of Things) technology. Among the LPWA technologies, LoRaWAN(Long Range Wide Area Network) is widely used in many fields due to its wide coverage, stable communication speed, and low-cost modem module prices. In particular, LoRa(Long Range) can easily construct LoRaWAN with a dedicated gateway. So many organizations are building their own LoRaWAN-based networks. The LoRaWAN Gateway receives the LoRa packet transmitted from an End-device installed in the adjacent location, converts it into the Internet protocol, and sends the packet to the final destination server. Current LoRa Gateway uses a single-hop method, and each gateway must include a communication network capable of the Internet. If it is the mobile communication(i.e., WCDMA, LTE, etc.) network, it is required to pay the internet usage fee which is installed in each gateway. If the LoRa communication is frequent, the user has to spend a lot of money. We propose an idea on how to design a multi-hop protocol which enables packet routing between gateways by analyzing the LoRaWAN communication method implemented in its existing single-hop way in this paper. For this purpose, this paper provides an analysis of the standard specification of LoRaWAN and explains what was considered when such protocol was designed. In this paper, two gateways have been placed based on the functional role so as to make the multi-hop protocol realized: (i) hopping gateway which receives packets from the end-device and forwards them to another gateway; and (ii) main gateway which finally transmits packets forwarded from the hopping gateway to the server via internet. Moreover, taking into account that LoRaWAN is wireless mobile communication, a level-based routing method is also included. If the protocol proposed by this paper is applied to the LoRaWAN network, the monthly internet fee incurred for the gateway will be reduced and the reliability of data transmission will be increased.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.261-270
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• 2017

With the development of smart on-devices and communication technology, demand for non-stop services is increasing. Therefore, the high availability for continuously providing services in the event of system failure has been spotlighted. Meanwhile, because most internet-based services are provided by using TCP, an efficient TCP session recovery technique for providing non-stop services is required. However, the existing TCP session recovery techniques are inefficient because it has a high recovery cost or does not support failover operation, To solve these problems, in this paper, we propose a TCP session recovery technique for high availability in smart on-devices. For this, we first recover the TCP session without re-establish the TCP session by correcting a sequence number and a acknowledgment number. Second, we synchronize the TCP session recovery data between the master and the server, and then we operate the failover operation when master server fails. Finally, we provide the non-stop service to peer by using the virtual IP number and the transmission of GARP (Gratuitous ARP) packet.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.251-254
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• 2011

와이브로(Wibro) 또는 WiFI 망에서 동일한 멀티캐스트 그룹에 속한 이동 단말기들은 동일한 MBS(멀티캐스트/브로드캐스트 방송 서비스) 콘텐츠를 수신한다. 동일한 MBS 존 내의 기지국(RAS: Radio Access Station) 들이 MBS 콘텐츠 소스로부터 수신된 MBS 콘텐츠에 대한 전송 시간을 동기화할 수 있도록 기지국들은 전송 동기화 정보와 신뢰성 있는 데이터 패킷 수신을 동기 시간을 결정하기 이전에 보장받을 수 있어야 한다. 만약에 동일한 MBS 존에 속하는 다수의 기지국 중에 전송 동기화 정보를 수신하지 못하거나 패킷 데이터 일부 또는 전부를 수신하지 못한다면, 동기 전송 시간을 결정하기 전에 이미 손실된 정보와 패킷 데이터를 이동 단말기로 전송하게 됨으로써 이동 단말기가 MBS 콘텐츠를 수신하면서 동일 MBS 존 내의 다른 기지국으로 핸드오버하게 되면 MBS 콘텐츠에 대한 끊김없는 수신을 보장할 수 없을 뿐만 아니라 매크로 다이버시티(macro diversity) 이득을 얻기 위한 동일한 MBS 존에서 이동 단말기들에게 전송되는 MBS 콘텐츠들의 동기를 보장 할 수 없다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 동기 전송 시간을 결정하기 앞서서 다수의 RAS가 전송 동기화 정보와 신뢰성 있는 패킷 데이터 콘텐츠 수신을 보장받을 수 있는 장치를 보완한 멀티캐스트/브로드캐스트 서비스 데이터 전송 동기화 방법을 제안한다.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2011

Smart TV System will lead to drastic change of communication and media industries as one of the emerging next generation network services. However, when the number of concurrent users increases rapidly, the issue of service quality degradation occurs because providing services to many users simultaneously stresses both the server and the network. The server limitation can be circumvented by deploying server clusters. but the network limitation is far less easy to cope with, due to the difficulty in determining the cause and location of congestion and in provisioning extra resources. In order to alleviate these problems, a number of schemes have been developed. Prior works mostly focus on reducing user-centric performance metrics of individual connection, such as the round-trip time(RTT), downloading time or packet loss rate, but tend to ignore the network loads caused by the concurrent connections or global network load balance. In this work, we make an in-depth investigation on the issue of user grouping for massive Smart TV services through simulations on actual Internet test-bed, PlanetLab.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.534-543
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• 2015

This paper proposes an Energy Theft Traceback Protocol(ETTP) based on Logging and Marking that can trace Energy Theft back in Smart Grid Environment. The ETTP consists of the following three phases. First, it classifies Energy Theft Type into Measurement Rejection and Data Fabrication by generating an Energy Theft Tree. Second, it detects an Energy Theft by using the Energy Theft Tree. Finally, it trace an Energy Theft back by using the Logging Table of a Router and the Marking Information of a Packet. The result of its simulation shows that the Detection Ratio of Energy Theft is estimated at 92% and the Success Ratio of Energy Theft Traceback at 93%. Therefore, the ETTP not only reduces such risk factors as Forgery and Tampering about Billing information but also provides safe and reliable Smart Grid environment.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.6B
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• pp.608-617
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• 2011

ubiquitous network management system (u-NMS) is the network management system based on smartphone which are recently of wide use. The purpose of the u-NMS is to provide convenience for network administrator utilizing the mobility of smartphone and to manage the network efficiently. This paper proposes the smart NMS agent and the mobility management server (MMS). The smart NMS agent enables to use the monitoring web server and remote control application on the smartphone in wireless network. The MMS is developed to reduce the problems such as handover latency and packet loss, which can be taken place in wireless network. The network manager can monitor traffic in real time through the smart NMS agent and remotely control the network efficiently when sudden failures happen in the u-NMS. In this paper, performance evaluation is carried out with our test-bed system implemented. We focus on the measurement of the MMS performance. When the MMS is compared to previous mobility management protocol, our mobility management server reduces the average latency up to 65% in initial access, handover latency and processing delay to the network management center.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.12B
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• pp.1183-1191
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• 2010

In this paper, I propose an adaptive OFDM CP length algorithm for in PLC systems for smart grid. The proposed scheme calculates the channel delay information at the CP controller of the receiver by taking correlation between a received data frame and the following delayed one. The CP controller, immediately, feeds back the channel delay information to the transmitter. Then, the transmitter adapts CP length for next data frame. As an impulsive noise model, Middleton Class A interference model was employed. The performance is evaluated in terms of packet data rate, cumulative packet data rate, and bit error rate (BER). The simulation results showed data gain (which is the amount of the reduced bits) gets larger as the number of packets increase, but the amount of data gain reduced as the number of branches ($N_{br}$) increase. In respects of BER for the cases $N_{br}$ is 3, 4, and 5, performance of the adaptive CP length algorithm and the fixed CP scheme are similar. Therefore, it is confirmed the proposed scheme achieved data rate increment without BER performance reduction compared to the conventional fixed CP length scheme.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.167-179
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• 2018

This paper proposes an IEEE 802.15.4m compliant TV white-space orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (TVWS)-(OFDM) radio frequency (RF) transceiver that can be adopted in advanced metering infrastructures, universal remote controllers, smart factories, consumer electronics, and other areas. The proposed TVWS-OFDM RF transceiver consists of a receiver, a transmitter, a 25% duty-cycle local oscillator generator, and a delta-sigma fractional-N phase-locked loop. In the TV band from 470 MHz to 698 MHz, the highly linear RF transmitter protects the occupied TV signals, and the high-Q filtering RF receiver is tolerable to in-band interferers as strong as -20 dBm at a 3-MHz offset. The proposed TVWS-OFDM RF transceiver is fabricated using a $0.13-{\mu}m$ CMOS process, and consumes 47 mA in the Tx mode and 35 mA in the Rx mode. The fabricated chip shows a Tx average power of 0 dBm with an error-vector-magnitude of < 3%, and a sensitivity level of -103 dBm with a packet-error-rate of < 3%. Using the implemented TVWS-OFDM modules, a public demonstration of electricity metering was successfully carried out.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.31-42
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• 2019

As smartphone H/W performance and mobile communication service have been enhanced, large-capacity 3D modeling files are available in smartphones. Common formats of 3D modeling files include STL (STereoLithography), OBJ (Wavefront file format specification), FBX (Filmbox), and glTF (open GL Transmission Format). Each format has different characteristics depending on the configuration and functions, and formats that are supported are varied depending on the applications. Large-size files are commonly used. The 4th generation mobile communication network secures loading of 3D modeling files and transmission of large-size geometric files in order to provide augmented reality services via smartphones. This paper explains the concepts and characteristics of major 3D file formats such as OBJ, FBX, and glTF. In addition, it compares their performance in a wired web with that in the 4th generation mobile communication network. The loading time and packet transmission in each 3D format are also measured by means of different mobile web browsers (Google Chrome and MS Edge). The experiment result shows that glTF demonstrated the most efficient performance while the loading time of OBJ was relatively excessive. Findings of this study can be utilized in selecting specific 3D file formats for rendering time reduction depending on the mobile web environments.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 2017

The load-carrying capacity and structural behavior of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) structures is highly influenced by the grouting compactness in the steel tube. Due to the invisibility of the grout in the steel tube, monitoring of the grouting progress in such a structure is still a challenge. This paper develops an active sensing approach with combined piezoceramic-based smart aggregates (SA) and piezoceramic patches to monitor the grouting compactness of CFST bridge structure. A small-scale steel specimen was designed and fabricated to simulate CFST bridge structure in this research. Before casting, four SAs and two piezoceramic patches were installed in the pre-determined locations of the specimen. In the active sensing approach, selected SAs were utilized as actuators to generate designed stress waves, which were detected by other SAs or piezoceramic patch sensors. Since concrete functions as a wave conduit, the stress wave response can be only detected when the wave path between the actuator and the sensor is filled with concrete. For the sake of monitoring the grouting progress, the steel tube specimen was grouted in four stages, and each stage held three days for cement drying. Experimental results show that the received sensor signals in time domain clearly indicate the change of the signal amplitude before and after the wave path is filled with concrete. Further, a wavelet packet-based energy index matrix (WPEIM) was developed to compute signal energy of the received signals. The computed signal energies of the sensors shown in the WPEIM demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method in the monitoring of the grouting progress.