• 제목/요약/키워드: Small RNA

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지속감염세포에서 분리된 일본뇌염바이러스 Plaque Morphology Mutants의 복제 및 감염특성 (Replication and Pathogenesis of Plaque Morphology Mutants Derived from Vero Cells with Japanese Encephalitis Virus Persistency)

  • 윤성욱;정용석
    • 미생물학회지
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    • 제38권3호
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    • pp.221-229
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    • 2002
  • 일본뇌염바이러스(Japanese encephalitis virus, JEV) Nakayama strain을 초기 multiplicity of infection 5.0으로 Vero세포에 감염하여 1년 이상 안정적으로 바이러스를 방출하는 지속감염(persistently-infected)세포주를 확립하였다. 지속감염 세포에서 지속적으로 방출되는 총 11 개의 Plaque 형태 변이바이러스(morphology mutants)클론을 확보하였다. 분리된 변이바이러스의 복제효율을 분석한 결과 생물학적 표현형과 복제효율은 유의하게 상관하였다. 변이바이러스 RNA 게놈 양 말단의 non-coding region 및 envelop 단백질의 ORF에서는 유의한 염기서열 변화가 관찰되지 않아 JEV 약독화에 새로운 인자가 추가로 관여할 가능성을 제시하였다. 변이바이러스에 감염된 신선한 Vero세포는 wild-type JEV의 일반적 감염성상과 다르게 대다수의 세포가 유의할 만한 세포병변현상을 나타내지 않았다. 감염된 Vero세포에서 wild-type JEV 및 large plaque을 형성하는 변이바이러스의 경우 mRNA와 함께 Bcl-2의 발현은 모두 유의하게 감소하였으며 p53은 뚜렷하게 증가하였다. 반면 small plaque을 형성하는 변이바이러스의 감염세포에서는 Bcl-2와 p53 모두 유의한 변화를 볼 수 없었다. 이상의 결과들과 함께, 감염된 Vero세포의 internucleosomal DNA fragmentation과DNA profile의 유형분석에 따르면 궁극적 인 세포병변효과의 변화는 변이바이러스의 복제효율과 더불어 p53에 비의존적인 apoptosis 수위의 전반적인 감소에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다.

Dual-Target Gene Silencing by Using Long, Synthetic siRNA Duplexes without Triggering Antiviral Responses

  • Chang, Chan Il;Kang, Hye Suk;Ban, Changill;Kim, Soyoun;Lee, Dong-ki
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • 제27권6호
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    • pp.689-695
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    • 2009
  • Chemically synthesized small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can specifically knock-down expression of target genes via RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. To date, the length of synthetic siRNA duplex has been strictly maintained less than 30 bp, because an early study suggested that double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) longer than 30 bp could not trigger specific gene silencing due to the induction of non-specific antiviral interferon responses. Contrary to the current belief, here we show that synthetic dsRNA as long as 38 bp can result in specific target gene silencing without non-specific antiviral responses. Using this longer duplex structure, we have generated dsRNAs, which can simultaneously knock-down expression of two target genes (termed as dual-target siRNAs or dsiRNAs). Our results thus demonstrate the structural flexibility of gene silencing siRNAs, and provide a starting point to construct multifunctional RNA structures. The dsiRNAs could be utilized to develop a novel therapeutic gene silencing strategy against diseases with multiple gene alternations such as viral infection and cancer.

Rapid Preparation of Total Nucleic Acids from E. coli for Multi-purpose Applications

  • Cheng, Lin;Li, Tai-Yuan;Zhang, Yi
    • BMB Reports
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    • 제37권3호
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    • pp.351-355
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    • 2004
  • Separate protocols are commonly used to prepare plasmid DNA, chromosomal DNA, or total RNA from E. coli cells. Various methods for the rapid preparation of plasmid DNA have been developed previously, but the preparation of the chromosomal DNA and total RNA are usually laborious. We report here a simple, fast, reliable, and cost-effective method to extract total nucleic acids from E. coli by direct lysis of the cells with phenol. Five distinct and sharp bands, which correspond to chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, 23S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and a mixture of small RNA, were observed when analyzing the prepared total nucleic acids on a regular 1-2% agarose gel. The simple and high-quality preparation of the total nucleic acids in a singe tube allowed us to rapidly screen the recombinant plasmid, as well as to simultaneously monitor the change of the plasmid copy number and rRNA levels during the growth of E. coli in the liquid medium.

Silencing of Twist Expression by RNA Interference Suppresses Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition, Invasion, and Metastasis of Ovarian Cancer

  • Wang, Wen-Shuang;Yang, Xing-Sheng;Xia, Min;Jiang, Hai-Yang;Hou, Jian-Qing
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제13권9호
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    • pp.4435-4439
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    • 2012
  • Purpose: This study aimed to explore the role of the Twist gene in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ovarian cancer. Methods: An RNA interference plasmid expressing a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-targeting Twist (Twist siRNA vector) was designed, constructed, and transfected into the human ovarian cancer cell line A2780. Transfection efficiency was assessed under a fluorescence microscope. Changes in the expression of Twist mRNA in A2780 after transfection with the pGenesil Twist shRNA plasmid were analyzed through RT-PCR. MTT assays and adhesion experiments were applied to determine changes in proliferation and adhesion ability of A2870 after transfection with the Twist shRNA plasmid. Changes in the expression of the E-cadherin and N-cadherin proteins in A2780 after transfection with the Twist shRNA plasmid were analyzed using Western blotting. Result: The restructuring plasmid pGenesil-Twist shRNA was constructed successfully. After 48 h of culture, 80% of the cells expressed high-intensity GFP fluorescence and stability. The expression of Twist decreased significantly after the transfection of the Twist shRNA plasmid (P<0.05). Proliferation of the transfected Twist shRNA cells showed no difference with that of the A2780-nontransfection or A2780-si-control groups (P>0.05) but the adhesion ability of A2780 decreased dramatically (P<0.05). Expression of the E-cadherin protein increased, whereas that of the N-cadherin protein decreased compared with that in the A2780-nontransfection or A2780-si-control groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Twist is essential for epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis of ovarian cancer.

Efficient Target Site Selection for an RNA-cleaving DNAzyme through Combinatorial Library Screening

  • Kim, Ki-Sun;Choi, Woo-Hyung;Gong, Soo-Jeong;Oh, Sang-taek;Kim, Jae-Hyun;Kim, Dong-Eun
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제27권5호
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    • pp.657-662
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    • 2006
  • Identification of accessible sites in targeted RNAs is a major limitation to the effectiveness of antisense oligonucleotides. A class of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, known as the “10-23” DNA enzyme or DNAzyme, which is a small catalytic DNA, has been shown to efficiently cleave target RNA at purine-pyrimidine junctions in vitro. We have designed a strategy to identify accessible cleavage sites in the target RNA, which is hepatitis C virus nonstructural gene 3 (HCV NS3) RNA that encodes viral helicase and protease, from a pool of random DNAzyme library. A pool of DNAzymes of 58 nucleotides-length that possess randomized annealing arms, catalytic core sequence, and fixed 5'/3'-end flanking sequences was designed and screened for their ability to cleave the target RNA. The screening procedure, which includes binding of DNAzyme pool to the target RNA under inactive condition, selection and amplification of active DNAzymes, incubation of the selected DNAzymes with the target RNA, and target site identification on sequencing gels, identified 16 potential cleavage sites in the target RNA. Corresponding DNAzymes were constructed for the selected target sites and were tested for RNA-cleavage in terms of kinetics and accessibility. These selected DNAzymes were effective in cleaving the target RNA in the presence of $Mg^{2+}$. This strategy can be applicable to identify accessible sites in any target RNA for antisense oligonucleotides-based gene inactivation methods.

siRNA-mediated Silencing of Survivin Inhibits Proliferation and Enhances Etoposide Chemosensitivity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells

  • Karami, Hadi;Baradaran, Behzad;Esfahani, Ali;Estiar, Mehrdad Asghari;Naghavi-Behzad, Mohammad;Sakhinia, Masoud;Sakhinia, Ebrahim
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제14권12호
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    • pp.7719-7724
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    • 2013
  • Background: Overexpression of survivin, a known inhibitor of apoptosis, is associated with tumor progression and drug resistance in numerous malignancies, including leukemias. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a specific survivin small interference RNA (siRNA) on proliferation and the sensitivity of HL-60 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells to the chemotherapeutic drug etoposide. Materials and Methods: The cells were transfected with siRNAs using Lipofectamine $^{TM}2000$ transfection reagent. Relative survivin mRNA and protein levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Trypan blue exclusion assays were performed to monitor tumor cell proliferation after siRNA transfection. The cytotoxic effects of etoposide and survivin siRNA, alone and in combination, on leukemic cells were determined using MTT assay. Apoptosis was assessed by ELISA cell death assay. Results: Survivin siRNA markedly reduced both mRNA and protein expression levels in a time-dependent manner, leading to distinct inhibition of cell proliferation and increased spontaneous apoptosis. Surprisingly, survivin siRNA synergistically increased the cell toxic effects of etoposide. Moreover, survivin down-regulation significantly enhanced its induction of apoptosis. Conclusions: Our study suggests that down-regulation of survivin by siRNA can trigger apoptosis and overcome drug resistance of leukemia cells. Therefore, survivin siRNA may be an effective adjuvant in AML chemotherapy.

서양뒤영벌 야외개체군에서 Real-Time PCR을 이용한 Nosema ceranae의 검출 (Detection of a Microsporidium, Nosema ceranae, from Field Population of the Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, via Quantitative Real-Time PCR)

  • 이대원
    • 미생물학회지
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    • 제49권3호
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    • pp.270-274
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    • 2013
  • 서양뒤영벌(Bombus terrestris)은 꿀벌의 봉군붕괴증후군(colony collapse disorder)에 대한 대체 화분매개곤충으로서 농업분야에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 최근 서양뒤영벌에서 바이러스, 세균, 응애 등의 여러 병원체와 기생체가 발견되었고, 이들은 서양뒤영벌의 수명과 생식력 등에 영향을 주는 것이 알려져 있다. 서양뒤영벌 야외개체군에서 Nosema spp.를 탐지하기 위해, 서양뒤영벌 성충으로부터 genomic DNA를 추출하여 Nosema spp. 유전자들에 대해 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)을 수행하였다. 이들 유전자 중에서 small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) 유전자만이 증폭되었고, 염기서열분석을 통해 N. ceranae로 확인된 것은 조사된 야외개체군에서 N. ceranae가 서양뒤영벌의 주된 감염체임을 보여준다. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)을 이용하여 SSU rRNA 유전자를 탐지하기 위해, 먼저 PCR을 통해 SSU rRNA 유전자의 2개 영역에 대한 유전자 특이적 증폭을 확인하였다. qRT-PCR을 이용하여 각 개체에서 얻은 genomic DNA의 순차적인 농도희석를 통해 $0.85ng/{\mu}l$ 이하의 genomic DNA 농도에서도 SSU rRNA 유전자가 성공적으로 증폭되는 것이 확인되었다. 이러한 실험 결과, qRT-PCR를 이용한 N. ceranae 특이 유전자 증폭은 서양뒤영벌의 병원체 감염 진단 뿐만 아니라 생태계 위해성 평가에도 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

비소세포폐암 세포주에서 pemetrexed의 세포독성과 유전학적 다형성과의 상관성 조사 (Association of Genetic Variations with Pemetrexed-Induced Cytotoxicity in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells)

  • 윤성애;최정란;김정오;신정영;장향하;강진형
    • 생명과학회지
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.103-112
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    • 2010
  • 페메트렉시드(pemetrexed, $alimta^{(R)}$)는 중피종(mesothelioma)과 비소세포폐암 (non-small cell lung cancer)을 비롯한 다양한 암종에서 엽산(folate) 대사과정에 관여하는 대사물질의 활성을 억제하여 항암효능을 나타낸다. 다중표적 항암제 (multitargeted antifolate)인 pemetrexed는 엽산의 세포내 주요 이동통로인 reduced folate carrier(RFC)를 통해 세포 내로 유입된 후 folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS)에 의해 폴리글루타민산염(polyglutamate) 유도체로 활성되고 thymidylate synthase (TS)와 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)를 표적하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 조직형이 서로 다른 비소세포폐암 세포주를 선정하여 pemetrexed의 대사과정에 관여하는 유전자들의 단일염기서열 다형성을 조사하고, mRNA와 단백질의 발현 정도를 비교하여 pemetrexed의 세포독성 효과와의 상관성을 분석하였다. 4개의 비소세포폐암 세포주인 A549, PC14, HCC-1588과 H226에서 RFC, FPGS, TS와 DHFR의 유전형을 조사하였다. Pemetrexed의 약물의 감수성을 알아보기 위해 real-time PCR과 Western blot 방법으로 mRNA 발현과 단백질 발현 정도를 비교하였고, SRB 법으로 약물에 대한 세포독성 효과를 측정했다. PC14 세포주와 H226 세포주에서는 약물처리 전 RFC와 FPGS의 mRNA 발현이 높은 것으로 나타났고, $IC_{50}$값이 각각 $0.08{\pm}0.01\;uM$$0.07{\pm}0.01\;uM$로 pemetrexed에 대한 감수성이 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. A549 세포주에서 TS의 유전형이 2R/2R일 때 mRNA발현이 증가하고 pemetrexed의 약물 저항성과 관련이 있었다. 반면, TS의 유전형이 3R/3R로 나타난 H226에서는 mRNA 발현이 낮은 것을 알 수 있었지만 pemetrexed의 높은 감수성과 관련이 있었다. 세포주 모두에서 pemetrexed 약물처리 후 DHFR의 mRNA 발현은 약물처리 전보다 낮아지는 경향을 보였지만 단백질 발현은 오히려 증가하는 상반된 결과를 보였다. 또한 DHFR 프로모터에 위치한 -1726C>T, -1188A>C SNP는 서로 연쇄 불평형 상태(linkage disequilibrium, LD)에 있었다. 연구결과에서 pemetrexed의 세포독성 효과는 약물 대사과정에 관여하는 여러 분자들의 유전형과 발현 정도에 의해 결정되는 것을 알 수 있었고, 다양한 분석결과를 토대로 항암효능을 평가하는 것이 필요하다고 생각된다.