• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2009

Surfactant polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-95) 1, 2, 4mg. $L^{-1}$ and calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) 5, 25, 50, 100mg. $L^{-1}$ were treated to the nutrient solution containing 1.0mg. $L^{-1}$ selenium (Se) to evaluate Se absorption effect using small DFT apparatus. The growth of leaf lettuce and pak-choi did not show unique significance by surfactant kinds and concentration in the tested range and physiological disorder. Vitamin C in leaves of two leafy vegetables was not significantly affected by surfactants also. Among major cations K content in pak-choi was highest in Se I+PVA-95 4mg. $L^{-1}$ treatment, and high in Se I+CLS 5 mg. $L^{-1}$ treatment. Ca content in two leafy vegetables showed increasing pattern by the two kinds of surfactants. Mg content was high in Se I+CLS 25mg. $L^{-1}$ treatment compared to control. Pak-choi absorbed Se about 10 times higher than leafy lettuce. Se content in leaves of two leafy vegetables increased by the treatment of two kinds of surfactants with the exception of CLS 100mg. $L^{-1}$ treatment.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.409-413
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• 2000

Previously, the methanolic extracts of thirty Korean medicinal plant seeds were screened for tyrosinase inhibitors using a rapid and simple TLC method, which was superior to a conventional spectrophotometrical in vitro assay. As a result, the methanolic extracts of Thuja orientalis seeds was found to have strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity. To isolate active tyrosinase inhibitors, the seeds were defatted with n-hexane under reflux, and then extracted twice with methanol under reflux at 90$^{\circ}C$. The methanolic extract was evaporated to a small volumn in vacuo, and then successively fractionated with ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The ether extract showing significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity was solubilized with 5% NaHCO$_3$and then acidified with 6N HCI. The ether souble acidic fraction was successively ohromatographed on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative TLC. Among four compounds isolated, two of them showed stronger tyrosinase inhibitory activity, comparable to that of L-ascorbic acid (IC$\sub$50/=28$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$). These results suggest that Thuja orientalis seeds may be useful as potential sources of antibrowning agents in fruits and vegetables, and anti-melanoma agents in cosmetics and phamaceuticals.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.639-644
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• 2007

This study analyzed components of the leaves of Elaeagnus multiflora as part of studies on the nutritional and functional materials of fruits and leaves of this plant. The moisture content of the leaves was 71.6% and the carbohydrate, crude protein, lipid and ash contents were 24.1, 1.4, 0.4 and 2.5%, respectively. Concentrations of reducing sugars, soluble proteins and polyphenols were 460.0, 503.3 and 805.6 mg/100 g, respectively. Fructose was the dominant free sugar, and arabinose, maltose, glucose, and a small amount of trehalose were also detected. Malic acid was the main organic acid in E. multiflora leaves, and acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, and succinic acid were also present. E. multiflora leaves were high in K, Ca and Mg. Of hydrolyzed amino acids, alanine was present at the highest concentration (112.0 mg/100 g), with threonine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine being the next most common. Glutamic acid and ornithine were the dominant free amino acid and amino acid derivative, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.151-177
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• 1975

To obtain the informations on the checking factors of the effecient utilization of paddies in chungnam province and study on the effecient working system and high productive cropping system in paddies, the utilization state of paddies including environmental conditions were investigated at sample 1,500 farms. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The difficulty of drainage in paddies was the most important factor checking the utility of paddies. Delayed transplanting of rice and lack of labour were also important checking factors on the efficient utilization of paddies. 2. The utilization of paddies was rather effecient at small size farms of which farmers were almost poor, and most of them cultivated barley for their own food. 3. Considering climatic conditions, pre-crops of rice must be harvested before June 10 tho and the marginal transplanting date of rice plant is June 25 th. 4. In case of planting barley as a post-crop after rice, the spread seeding by rotary before plowing was most efficient with lowest cost. 5. Considering rice cultivation, yield of barley and net income, the most efficient cropping system was "Josaengtongil + Olbori".

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.142-148
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• 2013

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) was traditionally grown on a small scale, however, at present its cultivation is getting momentum in terms of food and animal feed crop throughtout the Korea. Grain mold symptoms of the plant were frequently observed during disease surveys in Korea from 2007 to 2009. The symptoms were highly variable. Severely infected grain was fully covered with mold and partially infected grain may look normal or discolored. Ninety isolates of Fusarium species were obtained from the diseased plants collected from several locations in the country. Among the collected Fusarium isolates, 41 were identified as Fusarium thapsinum, 23 as F. proliferatum, 12 as F. graminearum, 5 as F. incarnatum, and 3 as F. equiseti based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. Elongation factor 1 alpha gene sequences of the isolates were used for phylogenetic analysis. Analyses of the sequences revealed that the isolates were confirmed to be identical with related species of NCBI GenBank. Pathogenicity tests showed that three dominant species, F. thapsinum, F. proliferatum and F. graminearum were strongly virulent to grains of sorghum. This study is the first report of sorghum grain mold caused by Fusarium species in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.201-205
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• 2016

In August 2015, leaf spot symptoms were observed on Korean gondre thistle (Cirsium setidens) in Youngwol, Korea. During the early stage, the symptoms appeared as one or more small gray-brown to brown spots on plant leaves. The spots showed extensive enlargement over time and eventually became large dark brown to black lesions on the whole leaf. Stemphylium species were consistently isolated from affected leaves. All isolates were identified as S. lycopersici, S. solani, or S. xanthosomatis based on morphological and cultural characteristics. The isolates were confirmed as S. lycopersici based on a multilocus sequence analysis using the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, elongation factor 1, GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), and the noncoding region between the vacuolar membrane ATPase catalytic subunit A gene and a gene involved in vacuolar biogenesis. Pathogenicity was tested by spore suspension inoculation on wounded or unwounded gondre leaves. The lesions were observed on inoculated leaves within 3 days after inoculation, regardless of wound. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the leaf spot on gondre thistle caused by S. lycopersici in Korea or elsewhere.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 1989

The histochemical characteristics of the cutaneous granular glands and its fine structure of the Korean fire bellied toad, Bombino orientalis Boulenger the only species inhabitated in Korea, were studied with light and electron microscopes. By the granular size and histochemical properties, the granular glands were subdivided into two types. The type I glands have small secretory granules (3.6 $\mu$ m), whereas the type II glands contain relatively larger granules (7.5 $\mu$ m). These two types of glands were simple alveolar gland, and they were commonly composed of inner glandular epithelial cells and outermost myoepithelial cells. By the histochemical reactions, these two secretory granules were not responsed to Alcian blue, but weakly positive reaction was observed in type I granular glands by the PAS reaction. And by the scanning electron microscopic observation, extemal morphology of the opening site of the gland duct was resembled to the stomata of the plant leaves. Especially the epithelial cells of the type I glands had fine reticular surface whereas, type II glands had large vesicular surface. These types of the glands conimonly had larger cavities than those of mucous glands, and forming the multinucleated unicellulr structure (syncytium) at the glandular epithelial layers. Secretory granules of these glands were originated from the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the glandular epithelial cells, and by the maturation level of the granule, morphological diversities appeared.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2003

A crude polysaccharide fraction (GU-3) from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice root), a screened herbal plant used in the preparation of herbal kimchi, enhanced Peyer's patch mediated bone marrow cell proliferation and NK cell-mediated tumor cytotoxicity against Yac-1 cells. GU-3 was further purified by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B yielding fractions designated as GU-3I, and 3IIa∼3IIe. GU-3IIa is mainly composed of arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid, and showed the highest bone marrow cell proliferation activity. In addition, GU-3IIb had arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid as the component sugars with a small quantity of protein; GU-3IIb also enhanced activity of NK cell-mediated tumor cytotoxicity. After these fractions were further fractionated via gel filtration on Sepharose CL-6B or Sephacryl S-300, two immunological active polysaccharides, GU-3IIa-2 and 3IIb-1 were purified from the respective fractions. GU-3IIa-2 mostly contained neutral sugars (75%) such as arabinose and galactose (molar ratio; 1.0 : 0.7) in addition to a considerable amount of galacturonic acid (20%), whereas GU-3IIb-1 was composed of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid (molar ratio; 0.3 : 0.5 : 0.1 : 1.0). Methylation analysis indicated that GU-3IIa-2 was composed mainly of terminal, 4- or 5-linked and 3,4- or 3,5-branched arabinose, 3-linked, 4-linked and 3,6-branched galactose, and terminal and 4-linked galacturonic acid whereas GU-3IIb-1 contained various glycosidic linkages such as terminal and 4- or 5-linked arabinose, 2,4-branched rhamnose, terminal and 4-linked galactose, and terminal and 4-galacturonic arid. Single radial gel diffusion indicated that only GU-3IIa-2 strongly reacted with β-D-glucosyl-Yariv antigen. These results suggest that bone marrow cell proliferating activity and enhancement of NK cell-mediated tumor cytotoxicity of GU-3 are caused by polysaccharides containing a pectic arabinogalactan (GU-3IIa-2) and pectic polysaccharide (GU-3IIb-1).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.46-53
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• 2018

The background of this study was to consider regenerative environmental characteristics and develop foundations for conceptual grounds and applications in embodying sustainable garden designs demanded in our age. In doing so, this study aimed to have a conceptual understanding of Clement's garden theory influenced by Robinson's naturalistic distinction and compared it with Robinson's wild garden, and the results are as follows: First, for Clement, garden design included an ecological process to settle in the target site as aesthetics of space being formed by the movement of plants. In this sense, making a 'garden in motion' implies to design possibilities to adapt to nature based on trust in it and allow plant seeds not to be planned but to naturally go and find appropriate habitats. Second, the views to wildness can be separated into microscopic and macroscopic views and each has its own expressive characteristics. Robinson's gardens are small and subordinate and play mollification functions for existing spaces. On the contrary, Clement's gardens are the subject of the space, represent macroscopic strategies, and have top-down approaches embodied as infrastructure to play central roles in the ecology. Third, Robinson's and Clement's views to the operation of garden spaces acknowledge the inseparable relationship between nature's autonomy and gardens' wildness and deliver a value that the preservation of nature is a prerequisite to coexistence with the life we desire. Their gardens are analogized by interventions of environmental possibilism and ecological standpoints mediated by plants based on the perspective of environmental determinism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.8-16
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• 2004

The industrialization of central Europe more than 100 ago marked the beginning of densely concentrated buildings in quickly growing cities. A cheap type of roofing material of that time was tar. But it was dangerous because it was high inflammable. Then some roofer had a splendid idea. They used sandy material as a final layer atop the impermeable tar layer. These roofs were much more fire resistant than the typical roofs. In this sandy layer some plant species began to grow spontaneously. This was the beginning of the green roof history of modern Europe. A number of these green roofs survived both world wars. In the early 80's in Berlin alone, 50 such buildings existed and they continued to be waterproof until the present day. Since the 1992 Earth Summit of 1992 in Rio de Janeiro(http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/basic_info/unced.html) the term "sustainable development" became of central interest of urban designers. In city regions green roofs had become synonymous with this term. With a small investment, long-lasting roofs can be created. Further back in history, more exciting examples of green roofs can be found. The hanging gardens of antiquity are well-known. There are also green roofs built as insulation against cold and heat all over the world. For over 20 years, roof greening in central Europe has been closely examined for various reasons. Roof greening touches several different disciplines. Of primary interest is the durability of the roofs. But ecologists are also interested in green roofs, for instance in biodiversity research. The beneficial effect of greening on water proofing was also proven. For some time, the issue of fire protection was investigated. According to tests, green roofs received a harsh careful rating. Their fire protective property is considered similar to that of tile roofs. Another recent impulse for the green roof movement in Germany has come from the evident improvement of storm water retention and the reduced burden on the sewer system. The question of whether and how much energy green roofs can save has become an urgent question. The state of the research and also various open questions from a central European point of view will be discussed in the context of international collaboration. Apart from academic considerations, those who involve themselves in this issue take a predominantly positive view of the numerous existing green roofs in Germany. In some cities, green roofs are the typical construction technique for new buildings. A few outstanding examples will conclude this review. In Germany, about 20 companies, some of which operate internationally, specialize in green roof consulting. Learning from each other in an open-ended way with respect to different construction techniques and applications in various climatic regions can only be accomplished through such international collaboration as is taking place here.