• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 2020

The study was conducted to observe the effects of compost of faecal sludge (FSC) and food waste (FWC) on seed germination and initial growth performance of Acacia auriculiformis and Swietenia mahagoni seedlings at the nursery of Chittagong University, Bangladesh. Before sowing the seeds, different combinations of FSC and FWC were incorporated with nutrient-deficient natural forest soils. Seed germination and growth parameters of seedlings were recorded after two, three and four month of seed sowing. We observed that seed germination (%) and seedlings growth parameters varied significantly (p<0.05) in the soil added with FSC and FWC in comparison to control. The highest germination was observed 88.89% for A. auriculiformis in combination of soil and FSC at 3:1 and 92.59% for S. mahagoni where soil combined with FWC at 4:1. The seedling biomass and other growth parameters of A. auriculiformis and S. mahagoni was also observed with combinations of soil with FSC 3:1 and soil with FWC 4:1. Therefore, the study revealed that the compost of both FS and FW can be a good soil conditioner for the initial growth of forest seedlings and the proven combinations can help to grow quality seedlings in the nursery.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 1998

The object of this experiment was to determine the optimum mixing ratio of paper mill sludge and sewage sludge with woodchips as a bulking agent. The bulking agent was mixed with the mixture of paper mill sludge and sewage sludge(2:1 by dried weight) at the rates of 0(W-0), 20(W-20), 33(W-33), and 50(W-50)% on volume basis, and then the mixtures were composted by forced aerated static pile. The changes of physicochemical properties of the mixtures were measured during the composting in order to evaluate the maturity of composts. The temperatures of W-30 and W-50 treatments increased rapidly as soon as the composting started, and reached $60^{\circ}C$ in the fifth day of composting. Reduction of hot water soluble C/N ratio of W-33 and W-50 treatments showed faster than that of W-0 and W-20 treatments at early stage of the composting. The contents of hot water soluble $NO_3{^-}-N$ showed little change in the early stage of the composting in all treatments, but increased rapidly after 20 days of the composting, and the contents of W-0 among all treatments were lower than the others. The G.I. values of W-50 treatment were over 80 before 20 days after starting the composting, those of W-0 treatment were over 80 after 30 days. As a result of evaluation of compost, W-33 and W-50 treatments were found very reasonable at the mixing ratio of a bulking agent. But it is very difficult to aerate compost pile for W-50 treatment than W-33 treatment due to intensified fluctuation of temperature. Considering cost, availability of a bulking agent, and productivity of compost, W-33 treatments more efficient than W-50 treatment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1997

An experiment of alum sludge application was carried out on a mountainous site, to know its effect on the growth of forage sorghum hybrid, Pioneer 93 1 (Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor). When alum sludge with 80% water content was applied at the level of 133 ton per ha, the effect of the application on the growth of Pioneer 931 was much smaller than that of chemical fertilizer. But Eresh yield of the forage, with the sludge application, was greater than that without fertilizer when the soil is not fertile. But when the soil was comparatively fertile, the sludge application gave an adverse affect on the growth of the forage plant. The content of exchangeable K in the soil has a very close positive relation with the Eresh yield and plant height of the plant, while that of exchangeable Ca has a close negative relation with those growing factors. There was a tendency of yield decrease of the forage plant, when alum or compost was applied with NPK to the comparatively infertile soil especially for alum sludge. As a result, when soil is not fertile more attention will be necessary for applying alum sludge with chemical fertilizers. But to soil with better fertility, it is recommended to use alum sludge with chemical fertilizer to obtain more yield of the forage plant.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.332-337
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: From year 2005, landfill for food waste has been prohibited. Also, according to London agreement in year 2013, ocean discharge for livestock manure, sewage sludge, and food waste has been regulated. Alternative way for food waste disposal is incineration. However, due to high moisture content, additional input for energy is needed. Therefore, effective way for food waste disposal such as application of food waste compost is needed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seven different treatments (livestock compost, food waste compost, food waste + livestock compost, livestock compost + chemical fertilizer, food waste compost + chemical fertilizer, food waste + livestock compost + chemical fertilizer and control) were applied to tomato crop. All treatments were replicated with completely randomized design. Tomato growth treated with LC+NPK showed the highest values at 6 weeks for all parameters such as leaf length (11.80 cm), leaf width (6.88 cm), and chlorophyll (61.12 O.D.), compared to other treatments. Subsequently the FWC+LC+NPK treatment was followed (11.51 cm, 6.40 cm, 59.50 O.D. for leaf length, leaf width, and chlorophyll, respectably). EC, OM contents, and CEC in the soil treated with the composts significantly increased. CONCLUSION: To evaluate the effect of food waste compost application on tomato growth and soil chemical properties, we carried out field experiment treated with 7 treatments with 3 replicates. The LC+NPK treatment showed highest values for all parameters. Some parameters such as shoot length and total length for tomato were not significantly different between the LC+NPK and the FWC+LC+NPK treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.132-137
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• 2008

The average concentrations of COD and copper in the livestock sludge are $930,726{\pm}380.801$ mg/kg and $679{\pm}341$ mg/kg, respectively. Due to the high concentrations, dumping to the sea of the sludge could pose potential adverse effects to the marine environment. On the contrary, it could have economic advantages on land as the energy of biogas generated by decomposition of organisms and the compost in case of the sludge of good quality with the abundant nitrogen and phosphorus. Nevertheless, the amount of livestock sludge dumped to the sea in Korea increased sharply from 51,000 $m^3$ in 1997 to 2,745,000 $m^3$ in 2005. And also it had the high proportion of 27% in total amount of waste dumped into the sea (7,451,000 $m^3$) in 2007. It might cost between 20,000 won and 33,000 won to dump to the sea of the sludge. In comparison, it might cost 20,000 won to com- post the sludge. And its purification treatment even might cost just 10,000 won. It means that the disposal of the sludge at sea is the most expensive method to deal with the sludge, but ranchers, who engage in the livestock industry, still prefer the disposal at sea to the other methods on land such as the compost and purification treatment. In this article, therefore, we would analyze various factors in the ranchers' preference for the disposal of the sludge at sea, and then we could suggest some legal improvements to prevent and reduce pollution of the sea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 1992

A study was carried out to know the effects of two kinds of paper mill sludge manure compost(SMC) on the growth and chemical components of kidney bean(Phaseolus vulgaris) : Control(SMC-0) contained chemical fertilizer only, sludge manure compost-1(SMC-1) contained 18% of swine manure and 8% of sawdust of the total weight of the manure in addition to the chemical fertilizer, and sludge manure compost-2(SMC-2) contained swine manure without sawdust a third of the total by weight on a fresh weight basis, 1) Kidney bean treated with SMC-1 and SMC-2 showed the increasing tendency of values meristem height, stem diameter, pod number per plot and total grain yield when compared to control(SMC-0) treatment 2) Though there was not a significant difference between SMC-1 and SMC-2 treatments on the growth, SMC-1 tended to increase the value of meristem height, stem diameter, pod number per plot and total grain yield of kidney bean, 3) The contents of aluminium, iron and zinc in kidney bean were higher than other elements, though there was no significant difference between the treatments, And those of chromium, lead and cadmium were negligible. 4) From the results obtained, it can be said that SMC application has more favorable effects on the growth of the plant than control(SMC-0). The effects of SMC-1 application on the growth of kidney bean was more favorable than those of SMC-2.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.86-96
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate use possibility of pharmaceutical byproducts(process sludge) and waste water sludges as raw materials of organic compost at Fertilizer Official Regulation of Fertilizer Management Law in 2002. All pharmaceutical byproducts were satisfied the standard levels of raw material regulated in organic compost, some waste water sludges were deficient in the level. The content of n-hexane extractable material(HEM) was in byproduct higher than in waste water sludge. This was presumed that the sludge with containing a lot of organic matter was high in HEM content. Of the whole microorganism flora, bacteria was mainly detected, and yeast and filamentous fungi took up less population which was fluctuated depending on the source of sludges. Most dominated bacteria were identified into Genus of Pseudomonas. Pseudomonas syringae and Rathayibacter bathayi was classified as plant pathogenic bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.203-210
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• 2004

This study was conducted to assessment organic compound and bioassay (density of inhabited animal, fluctuation of predominant fungi, and survival ratio of earthworm) for finding damage on red pepper by heavily amount application of sludges in soil, which was treated with 3 pharmaceutical byproducts and a cosmetic industry wastewater sludge as raw materials of compost, and for establishing estimation method. HEM contents in the soil treated with pharmaceutical byproducts sludge2 (PS2) and cosmetic sludge (CS) were 0.51, 1.10 mg/kg respectively. PAHs content of PS2 treatment in the soil was 3406.8 ug/kg on July 8. In abundance of soil faunas, the pharmaceutical byproducts sludge2 treatment was the most highest. The next was decreased in the order of pig manure (PM) and the cosmetic sludge treatment. However the other pharmaceutical sludge treatments were remarkably reduced populations of soil inhabited animals. In upland soil treated with organic sludges, the numbers of bacteria and fungi of the pharmaceutical sludge treatment were 736, 909 cfu/g and those of the cosmetic sludge treatment were 440, 236 cfu/g, respectively. The pharmaceutical sludge treatments and the cosmetic sludge treatment in identification of predominant bacteria were not any tendency to compare with non fertilizer and pig manure treatments, but they had diverse bacteria than NPK treatment. In microcosm tests, the survival of the tiger earthworm in five soil samples was hardly affected against the soil of PSI (20%) after three months treated in the upland But after six months, survival of PS1 was 80%. At present, raw material of compost was authorized by contents of organic matter, heavy metal (8 elements), and product processing according to 'The specified gist on possible materials of using after analysis and investigation among raw materials of compost', however, for preparing to change regulation of raw material of compost and for considering to possibility of application, this study was conducted to investigate toxic organic compound and bioassay methods using inhabited animal, fungi, and earthworm without current regulation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2013

This study was carried out to understand the long-term effects of organic waste treatments on the fate of heavy metals in soils originated from the organic wastes and consequent uptake of heavy metals by plant, together with examination of changes in soil properties and plant growth performance. In this study, the soils treated with three different organic wastes (municipal sewage sludge, alcohol fermentation processing sludge, pig manure compost) at three different rates (12.5, 25.0, 50.0 ton $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$) for 7 years (1994 - 2000) were used. To see the long-term effect, plant growth study and soil examination were conducted twice in 2000 and 2010, respectively. There was no additional treatments of organic wastes for 10 years after the organic waste treatment for 7 years. Compared to plant growth examination conducted in 2000 using radish (Raphanus sativus cv. sodamaltari), it appeared that height, root length and diameter, fresh weight of radish grown in 2010 decreased in the plots treated with municipal sewage sludge and alcohol fermentation processing sludge and that the extent of decrease was higher with increase of sludge application rates. On the other hand, pig compost treatment increased plant height, root length and diameter, fresh weight with increasing application rates. Cu and Pb concentrations in radish root and leaves increased in 2010 compared to those in 2000 while Ni concentrations in root and leaves decreased. Zn concentration was increased only in the soils treated with pig manure compost. Multiple regression analysis among heavy metal species fractions in soils, soil pH, and metal concentrations in radish root and leaves indicated that the metal uptake by radish was governed mainly by the soil pH and subsequent increase of available heavy metal fractions in soils with organic waste treatments.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.211-219
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• 2004

Three sludge types from pharmaceutical byproducts and one sludge type from cosmetic waste-water sludge as raw materials of compost were used in a field based concrete pot ($4\;m^2$, $2\;m{\times}2\;m$) for investigating damage of red pepper cultivation. These sludges and pig manure (1 Mg/10a, dry basis) were incorporated into the upper of clay loam soil prior to transplanting with red pepper. Changes in concentration and properties of heavy metal for both of soil and plant were investigated 4 times during of red pepper growth. Plant height and stem diameter of red pepper in sludge treatments except to Pharmaceutical sludge 3 were poor than those of NPK treatment. This result were regarded as an effect of incompleted decomposition sludge which has a lot of organic matter concentration. Amount of total As was increased rapidly Jul. 8. in soil, total Zn Cu Pb Cd were in harvest time, and 1 N-HCl extractable Zn Cu Pb Cd As were in harvest at middle stage and then decreased. Amounts of nitrogen in plant (leaf and stem) were high in Phamaceutical Sludge 1 and fig Manure treatment in early and middle stage because of organic matter and nitrogen concentrations and characteristics. Amounts of Zn, Pb, and Ni in leaf and amount of Zn and Pb in stem were increased in harvest time so that we need to have a concern in detail. Total yield of red pepper was Pig Manure > Phamaceutical Sludge 3 > Phamaceutical Sludge 1 > NPK > Phamaceutical Sludge 2 and Cosmetic Sludge treatment was decreased considerably to compare to others. Amounts of Zn and Cu in green and red pepper in harvest time were higher than the other heavy metals. Finally these results can use to utilize that finding damage on crop for authorization and suitability estimation of raw material of compost.