• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.431-436
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• 2002

Effects of fertilizer additions for oil degradation were examined in sand seashore mesocosms. Within 37 days, up to $85\%$ removal was achieved by the addition of slow-release type fertilizer (SRF) with the initial degradation rate of 423.3 mg oil $(kg sand)^-1\;day^-1$. The removal was mostly of biological origin based on the changes of $C_17$ /pristane and $C_18$/phytane ratios from 2.60 to 0.81 and from 3.55 to 1.29, respectively. The addition of oleophilic fertilizer (Inipol EAP22) was less effective and resulted in the removal of $64\%$ of the added oil ($3\%$, v/v) with a lower initial degradation rate. Petroleum-degrading bacteria had achieved a value of $1{\times}10^8$ CFU $(g sand)^-1$ at Day 3 and this peak exactly coincided with the initial degradation in the SRF-treated mesocosm. In this mesocosm, surface tension values were decreased drastically during Days 3 and 8, suggesting that microbially-produced surface-active agents actively enhanced the oil degradation rate and cell proliferation. Although the Inipol-treated mesocosm appeared to show significantly enhanced oil degradation compared to that of the untreated control mesocosm, Inipol was found to be less effective than SRF in enhancing a true oil-degrader when compared under similar experimental conditions.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.229-244
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• 1991

A bioassay technique and organ bath study were performed to analyze the effects of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$-antagonists on endothelium-derived relaxing factor[s][EDRF] released from the endothelial cells of rabbit aorta. Transverse strips with intact endothelium or damaged endothelium were used for the mechanical contraction experiment using organ bath. Long segment including thoracic and abdominal aorta with endothelium [EDRF donor aorta] was perfused with Tyrode solution which was aerated with 95% $O_2-5%$ $CO_2$ mixed gas and kept at 35oC. The perfusate was bioassayed with a transverse strip of thoracic aorta with damaged endothelium. The test strip was contracted with nor-epinephrine and acetylcholine was used to stimulate the release of EDRF from endothelial cells. The results obtained were as follows; 1] The endothelium-dependent relaxation[EDR] induced by acetylcholine was biphasic; an initial rapid relaxation followed by a slow relaxation. 2] EDR induced by acetylcholine was reduced gradually with the decrease in the concentration of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$. The effect of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ on EDR was more prominent in the late slow relaxation phase. 3] EDR to acetylcholine was not altered by acute exposure to organic $Ca^{2+}$-antagonists. Pretreatment with verapamil to the EDRF donor aortic segment did not alter the magnitude of EDR. 4] Among the inorganic $Ca^{2+}$-antagonists $Mn^{2+}$ and $Cd^{2+}$ did not inhibit EDR, whereas $Co^{2+}$ and $La^{3+}$ inhibited EDR. 5] The inhibitory response of $Co^{2+}$ to EDR developed when infused directly on the test strip. That of $La^{3+}$, however, was evoked when added to solution perfusing the donor aortic segment. The above results suggest that $Ca^{2+}$-antagonists do not affect EDR and the inhibitory effect of $Ca^{2+}$ results from influencing the action of EDRF on vascular smooth muscle, whereas that of $La^{3+}$ results from its action on the release of EDRF from endothelial cells.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.221-225
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• 2002

This study was conducted to identify the effects of slow release fertilizer (LCU) on ridge direct seeding on dry paddy of rice as an irrigation water-saying cultural system. During 1999-2000, a series of experiments was carried out at field (Chonbuk series) of the National Honam Agricultural Experiment Station, RDA using Dongjinbyeo. Plant height and culm length during the total growth duration were the longest and panicle umber per $m^2$ was the highest in 100% LCU application rate. Leaf area index and top dry weight were the highest in the 100% LCU application rate. They increased as more LCU was applied. Nitrogen uptake was the highest in 100% LCU application, and N use efficiency was the highest in LCU 60% + FP (fertilization at panicle formation stage) 20% application. Milled rice yield was 7% higher in 100% LCU application rate than that of conventional N application. Ripened grain rate and 1,000-grain weight of brown rice did not differ, but panicle number per $m^2$ and grain number per m2 were the highest at 100% LCU application.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.212-217
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of water soluble fertilizer(WSF) and slow release fertilizer(SRF) on the growth of carnation(Dianthus caryophyllus 'Invitation') cultured in C-channel mat irrigation system. Plants grown in $0.8{\~}1.0\;g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of WSF showed the highest quality, especially on fresh and dry weight of aerial part, leaf number, total leaf area, plant height, and branch number. All plants showed increase of growth rate around 60 days after treatment, although there was a different increase rate. Total leaf area decreased its increase rate after 90 days after treatment. Carnations supplied by WSF showed better growth and quality than SRF, and the optimum concentration range of WSF for pot-carnation was $0.8{\~}1.0\;g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in C-channel mat irrigation system.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2006

Objective of this research was to determine the effect of application rate of a slow release fertilizer (SRF) in three root media, peatmoss+vermiculite (1:1, v/v; PV), peatmoss+composted rice hall (1:1, v/v; PR), and peatmoss+composted pine bark (1:1, v/v; PB), on growth and nutrient contents of potted chrysanthemum 'Lima Honey'. All media contained polyacrylic acid sodium salt at a rate of $4.5g L^{-1}$. The fresh and dry weights at 43 days after transplanting did not show statistical differences among treatments in each root media. Elevated application rate of SRF increased fresh and dry weights at 80 days after transplanting in PV and PB media, but not in PR medium. Elevated application rates of SRF resulted in the increase of tissue phosphorus content and decrease of tissue Ca, Na, and Zn contents at both 43 and 80 days after transplanting. Elevated application rates of SRF resulted in the decrease of pH and increase of EC and concentrations of ${NO_3}^-$ and ${P_2O_5}^{3-}$, K, Ca, and Mg in the soil solution of PV and PR media. The trends of those in PR media were also similar except ${NO_3}^-$. The differences among treatments in EC at 80 days after transplanting were less significant as compared to those at 43 days after transplanting in three media.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.376-384
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• 2019

Background: Nutrient release during litter decomposition was investigated in Vitex doniana, Terminalia avecinioides, Sarcocephallus latifolius, and Parinari curatellifolius in Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria (January 10 to March 10 and from June 10 to August 10, 2016). Leaf decomposition was measured as loss in mass of litter over time using the decay model W_t/W₀ = e-^{kd t}, while $Kd=-{\frac{1}{t}}In({\frac{Wt}{W0}})$ was used to evaluate decomposition rate. Time taken for half of litter to decompose was measured using T₅₀ = ln ²/k; while nutrient accumulation index was evaluated as $NAI=(\frac{{\omega}t\;Xt}{{\omega}oXo})$. Results: Average mass of litter remaining after exposure ranged from 96.15 g, (V. doniana) to 78.11 g, (S. lafolius) in dry (November to March) and wet (April to October) seasons. Decomposition rate was averagely faster in the wet season (0.0030) than in the dry season (0.0022) with P. curatellifolius (0.0028) and T. avecinioides (0.0039) having the fastest decomposition rates in dry and wet seasons. Mean residence time (days) ranged from 929 to 356, while the time (days) for half the original mass to decompose ranged from 622 to 201 (dry and wet seasons). ANOVA revealed highly significant differences (p < 0.01) in decomposition rates and exposure time (days) and a significant interaction (p < 0.05) between species and exposure time in both seasons. Conclusion: Slow decomposition in the plant leaves implied carbon retention in the ecosystem and slow release of CO₂ back to the atmosphere, while nitrogen was mineralized in both seasons. The plants therefore showed effectiveness in nutrient cycling and support productivity in the ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.97-100
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• 1987

Medium grade mongranular compound fertilizers for the crops under vinyl mulching cultivation were formulated using the principal materials of urea, DAP and MOP in combination with various fillers of zeolite, gypsum and treated human waste and granulated with waste liquid of glutamic acid fermentation as binder. The ratios of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ of trial products were 12-10-11.5 for red pepper, 8-8-6 for sesame and 4-9-14 for peanut. The rate of dissolution of trial products was comparatively low in water. The product for red pepper had N dissolution rate of 80 percent during 24 hrs. 70 for peanut and 55 for seasame. The optimum dissolution rate has reported to be 50 percent by the standard laboratory dissolution test for 24 hrs. in water. Therefore, the slowly released characteristics were obtained with the products that had 24 hrs. dissolution of 70 to 60 percent. One time basal application of trial products could readily be justified under muching cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.871-879
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• 2022

An increasing global population requires a greater food supply, and accordingly there is demand for enhanced production of rice, as a major crop plant that covers half of the world's population. Rice production in arid area is extremely difficult due to poor soil fertility, salinity, deficit of irrigation water, and weather conditions. The aim of the present study was to determine whether various fertilization recipes could provide a countermeasure to allow rice production while also providing soil amendment such as soil pH adjustment. The study was conducted at an experimental field of the United Arab-Emirates (UAE) from January to April, 2022. Rice seedlings (cv. Asemi, alkaline-resistant) were transplanted in plastic containers, and different types of water and nutrient managements were employed as follows: water management (flooding and aerobic for NPKs treatment group) and nutrient management (NPKs, slow release fertilizers [SRFs] and SRFs + NPK-1 treatment groups with flooding). Water and nutrient management did not show any effect on soil pH adjustment. Rice growth was significantly enhanced in the flooding compared to the aerobic condition, whereas the effect of nutrient management clearly differed among the treatment groups, with SRFs + NPK-1 showing the best results followed by SRFs and NPKs. Most of the fertilization groups markedly accumulated soluble sugars in the shoots and grains of rice plants, but concomitantly a decrease in the roots. Overall, the level of starch showed a tendency of relatively slight perturbation by fertilization. Taken together, the results indicate that soil physical structure should be preferentially amended to find the key for suitable rice production.

• BMB Reports
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2024

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin tumors, and conventional treatment modalities are not effective in treating advanced melanoma. Although immunotherapy is an effective treatment for melanoma, it has disadvantages, such as a poor response rate and serious systemic immune-related toxic side effects. The main solution to this problem is the use of biological materials such as hydrogels to reduce these side effects and amplify the immune killing effect against tumor cells. Hydrogels have great advantages as local slow-release drug carriers, including the ability to deliver antitumor drugs directly to the tumor site, enhance the local drug concentration in tumor tissue, reduce systemic drug distribution and exhibit good degradability. Despite these advantages, there has been limited research on the application of hydrogels in melanoma treatment. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive review of the potential application of hydrogels in melanoma immunotherapy. Hydrogels can serve as carriers for sustained drug delivery, enabling the targeted and localized delivery of drugs with minimal systemic side effects. This approach has the potential to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy for melanoma. Thus, the use of hydrogels as drug delivery vehicles for melanoma immunotherapy has great potential and warrants further exploration.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2007

Phosphorous acid is known to effectively control various Oomycetes diseases. The phosphoric acid moves upward and downward through the xylem and phloem in plants. The sustainable forms of the slow releasing chemical in rhizosphere would be ideal to be up-taken by plants. Therefore, we developed a new system for phosphorous acid formulation using a carrier coated with polysaccharides. When the product was applied in rhizosphere, the adequate amount of phosphorous acid was consistently released up to 4 weeks in rhizosphere soils. While soil drenching with phosphorous acid at 1,000 ${\mu}g/ml$ and metalaxyl at 150 ${\mu}g/ml$ were not effective to control pepper Phytophthora blight for 4 weeks, direct application of our formulation product around basal stem of pepper plants resulted in excellent disease control effect against Phytophthora blight over 4 weeks. The application of 4 g of our product per plant was optimum to control the disease, and 8 g product/plant did not cause phytotoxicity. Based on the results, we conclude that the applications of the formulation product once or twice during cropping season can control Phytophthora diseases on various crops.