• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2014

해안지역의 연약지반을 개량하기 위하여 연약지반 위에 모래를 포설하거나 모래다짐말뚝을 시공할 경우 점토와 모래가 서로 섞이는 경우가 많으며, 풍화된 사면의 표층에도 모래나 자갈 섞인 세립토가 많이 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 혼합토에 포함된 모래 함유량의 증가에 따른 점토의 액소성한계 및 전단강도 변화에 대해 연구하였다. 먼저 카올리나이트와 벤토나이트에 모래 함유량을 0, 9, 17, 23, 29, 33, 또는 50%까지 증가시키면서 액소성한계시험을 실시하였으며, 모래 함유량이 증가함에 따라 액소성한계는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 다양한 모래 함유량을 가진 카올리나이트와 벤토나이트에 함수비를 10% 또는 20%씩 단계적으로 증가시키면서 토베인시험기를 이용하여 비배수전단강도를 측정하였다. 동일한 모래 함유량을 가진 공시체의 경우 특정 함수비에서 비배수전단강도가 급격히 감소하였으며, 공시체 내 모래 함유량이 증가할수록 배수가 발생하면서 비배수전단강도는 감소하였다. 한편 동일한 조건의 혼합토에 대한 직접전단시험을 실시하여 모래 함유량의 증가에 따른 점토-모래 혼합토의 점착력 및 내부마찰각을 측정하였다. 점토 내 모래 함유량이 증가함에 따라 점착력은 감소하였으며, 내부마찰각은 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.5578-5586
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• 2012

이수 및 치수, 수공구조물 설계 등을 위한 하천 설계의 중요한 요소로써, 유량의 정확한 산정은 매우 중요하다. 현재 하천의 유량 생산은 수위-유량관계 곡선법을 사용하고 있다. 수위-유량 관계 곡선법은 측정된 수위와 유량자료를 바탕으로 홍수기 때의 유량을 회귀 분석으로 예측하여 사용하는 방법이다. 비교적 간편하게, 특히 측정이 어려운 홍수기 때에 유량을 예측하여 사용 할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있지만 수위와 유량만의 관계를 이용하므로 동수반경, 에너지경사, 지형, 조도 등 하천의 수리적 특성인자를 반영하지 못하므로 기본적으로 개선되어야 할 사항이 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 하천유량을 예측하는 새로운 방법론의 하나로 KSCE에 기 게재된 Choo 등(2011)에서 제안한 Manning식과 Chezy식의 경험적 매개변수의 편리한 산정법을 이용하여 하천의 유량을 예측하였다. 실험실 사행 개수로와 India 운하에서 측정된 데이터를 바탕으로 이를 증명하였고 결정계수 0.8 수준의 정확성을 보여주었다. 따라서 본 연구가 지속적으로 수행된다면 수리적 특성을 반영하면서도 간단하게 유량을 예측할 수 있는 방법을 통하여 실무에서도 간편하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2020

보는 하천수량을 확보하고 낙차공은 하상안정을 위한, 그리고 교량은 차량 등의 이동을 위한 하천횡단시설물이다. 그러한 시설물의 안정성을 확보하기 위하여 하천설계기준에서는 시설물의 최소 규모에 관한 지침을 제시하고 있으나 실태 조사 결과에 의하면, 기존 보 및 낙차공의 물받이 및 바닥보호공의 규모는 설계기준을 만족시키지 못하는 경우가 대부분이고 교량의 교각은 일부만 만족시키는 것으로 나타났다. 기존 보 및 낙차공의 수리적 안정성을 제고하기 위해서는 설계기준에서 제시한 바닥보호공에 대한 물받이의 비율인 3.3을 최소값으로 확보해줄 필요가 있다. 표본하천 시설물 실태조사에 의하면 기존 보 및 낙차공을 자연형 여울공으로 개량할 경우 적용하는 종단경사는 1:20이 가장 적정한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 교량의 철거 또는 재가설에 관한 결정에서 교각의 여유고 및 경간장 위배사항만 고려하고 있지만, 향후 교량 노후도 및 경간장 완화 규정 등을 종합적으로 검토하여 결정하는 것이 바람직하다. 본 연구에서는 설계기준, 하천실태 조사결과, 일본사례 등을 통하여 기존 보, 낙차공 및 교각의 수리적 안정성을 제고하는 종합적인 방안을 제시하였다. 하천횡단시설물의 안정화 노력은 정부 차원의 예산 지원과 적극적인 하천관리를 통하여 이룰 수 있으며, 이를 통하여 하천재해를 예방하고 건전한 하천 환경을 유지할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2017

The objective of this study is to seek for improvement measures to make the Ecosystem and Nature Map by analyzing causes for grade changes and distributional characteristics of areas with public objections to the Ecosystem and Nature Map notified by e-official gazette from 2014 to June 2016. The receipt of public appeals has been recently increased from average 23 cases a year(2007-2013) to average 33 cases a year(2014-June 2016) while there were 42 areas with public appeals for less than the minimum area($62,500m^2$) for the evaluation of grade of the Ecosystem and Nature Map. Most of the public appeals focused on the 1st grade zone of the Ecosystem and Nature Map. Before grade changes by public appeals, the 1st grade zone of the Ecosystem and Nature Map were 76.0% of the whole areas with public appeals. However, after grade changes by public appeals, it was rapidly decreased to 25.2%, which means that a lot of the 1st grade zone with public appeals were lowered. In the results of analyzing the distributional characteristics of areas with public appeals, they were mostly distributed in lowland(less than 250m altitude), section with $10{\sim}20^{\circ}$ slope, and areas close to or within 100m from built-up area. Regarding areas with public appeals, the biggest time difference between the period of the existing research by National Ecosystem Survey and the period of notice after completing the treatment of public appeals was 18 years while areas showing 6-15 years of time difference were about 70%. Thus, there were huge differences in time of research and notice. Also, the biggest causes for grade changes were boundary errors caused by small-scale survey, and then followed by changes in evaluation of endangered species and occurrence of built-up area and damaged land. Analyzing areas with public appeals in each evaluation item of the Ecosystem and Nature Map, vegetation part was 73.0%, and endangered species area was 23.1% while topography and wetland was less.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.23-43
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• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to create ecological values for urban rivers. For this, the paper looks into river bed structures and how nearby lands are used. This study was performed to set the specific sections for analysis through a field investigation of the infrastructure conditions, surrounding land use, and the inter habitat structure of Seongnaecheon(Stream). A total of 780 individuals from 31 species of wild birds appeared in Seongnaecheon(Stream). According to foraging guild's habitat, there were 9 species of water, 8 types of water edges, 5 types of crowns, 5 types of shrubs, 2 types of tree trunks, 2 types of birds of raptors, and 355 individuals of water, 243 shrubs, 90 crowns, 84 water edges and 5 raptors. Many water birds were observed at the site where the Seongnaecheon(Stream) sandy plains and wetland herbaceous area were developed and the open water was secured. Most of the forest birds appeared on levee slope connected with forest around and riverside with fewer facilities for use. The species diversity index of Shannon, the entire section of Seongnaecheon(Stream), was 2.2697 and the downstream ecological landscape conservation area of Seongnaecheon(Stream) was found to be useful as a habitat for wild birds in the city compared to other sections. Some sections of Seongnaecheon (Stream) had low species diversity index due to lack of green space and surrounding urbanization areas. In choosing target species, I researched the special features of the habitats and the habitation structure of wild birds in each zone. Regarding detailed plans, by classifying the breeding place & roosting site and the roosting site & shelter that took account of the inhabitation characteristics of the target species in different sections, this paper suggested the major plant species and multilayer planting structures. Moreover, this study proposed the development of habitats for water birds and forest birds along with the connection of the green network for improving the Eco-corridor linkage and inhabitation features in Seongnaecheon(Stream).

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2014

본 연구는 119구급대원의 근골격계 증상 호소율을 파악하고 증상 유소견자들에 대한 작업성 근골격계질환(WMSDs)을 유발하는 환자운반 작업에 대한 인간공학적 평가를 통해 작업 위험도를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 근골격계 유해요인 조사지침(KOSHA Code H-30-2008)을 활용한 설문도구를 이용하여 근골격계 증상 호소율을 파악하였으며, 환자운반 작업의 위험도는 인간공학적 평가도구인 OWAS, RULA, REBA를 이용하여 평가하였다. 연구결과 근골격계 증상 유경험자는 60.9%였으며 허리 부위의 증상 자각율(36.1%)이 가장 높았고 WMSDs을 유발하는 가장 큰 원인은 환자운반 작업(48.4%)이었다. 환자운반 작업의 인간공학적 위험도 평가 결과 주 들것을 구급차에 싣고 내리기, 들 것 장비를 이용하여 환자를 들어올리는 작업에서 OWAS는 3단계, RULA와 REBA는 3~4단계 수준이었고, 응급용들것으로 계단 이송, 척추고정판으로 차량내 환자 이동, 업거나 안고 계단이나 경사로를 이동하는 작업에서 OWAS, RULA, REBA 모두 3~4단계로 작업자세의 개선이 필요한 것으로 평가되어 119구급대원의 WMSDs 예방을 위해서는 즉각적인 작업자세의 개선이 요구된다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1141-1141
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• 2001

The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of 3 calibration methods, modified partial least squares (MPLS), local PLS (LOCAL) and artificial neural network (ANN) on the prediction of chemical composition of forages, using a large NIR database. The study used forage samples (n=25,977) from Australia, Europe (Belgium, Germany, Italy and Sweden) and North America (Canada and U.S.A) with information relative to moisture, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre content. The spectra of the samples were collected with 10 different Foss NIR Systems instruments, which were either standardized or not standardized to one master instrument. The spectra were trimmed to a wavelength range between 1100 and 2498 nm. Two data sets, one standardized (IVAL) and the other not standardized (SVAL) were used as independent validation sets, but 10% of both sets were omitted and kept for later expansion of the calibration database. The remaining samples were combined into one database (n=21,696), which was split into 75% calibration (CALBASE) and 25% validation (VALBASE). The chemical components in the 3 validation data sets were predicted with each model derived from CALBASE using the calibration database before and after it was expanded with 10% of the samples from IVAL and SVAL data sets. Calibration performance was evaluated using standard error of prediction corrected for bias (SEP(C)), bias, slope and R2. None of the models appeared to be consistently better across all validation sets. VALBASE was predicted well by all models, with smaller SEP(C) and bias values than for IVAL and SVAL. This was not surprising as VALBASE was selected from the calibration database and it had a sample population similar to CALBASE, whereas IVAL and SVAL were completely independent validation sets. In most cases, Local and ANN models, but not modified PLS, showed considerable improvement in the prediction of IVAL and SVAL after the calibration database had been expanded with the 10% samples of IVAL and SVAL reserved for calibration expansion. The effects of sample processing, instrument standardization and differences in reference procedure were partially confounded in the validation sets, so it was not possible to determine which factors were most important. Further work on the development of large databases must address the problems of standardization of instruments, harmonization and standardization of laboratory procedures and even more importantly, the definition of the database population.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.625-632
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• 2018

본 연구는 최근 자원고갈 문제에 따른 에너지 절감을 바탕으로 총 에너지 수요에서 높은 비중을 차지하고 있는 건축물 에너지의 수요 감축에 목적을 두었고 국내에서 에너지절약형 건축물 설계를 위해 고시한 단열기준을 보다 효과적으로 조정하기 위한 보완점을 제시하고 에너지절약형 고단열, 고기밀 건축물의 쾌적성 유지의 한계점을 추가 보완하고자 야간외기 환기시스템을 도입하며 종합하여 최종 저에너지건축물 설계모델을 제시하였다. 먼저, 단열성능의 효과적 조정 모델은 건축물의 각 경사면별로 다르게 조정하여 각각의 수요 민감도를 충분히 고려할 수 있는 방법을 제시하고, 야간외기 도입 모델의 경우 건축물의 에너지 성능을 최대로 할 수 있는 모델을 선정하였다. 두 가지 모델을 결합한 최종 저에너지건축물 모델은 결과적으로 대상 건축물의 남, 북의 경사면 단열을 강화한 모델과 야간외기를 통한 환기 시스템을 단시간 운전한 모델이었으며 국내 단열기준에 의거한 Base 모델과 비교할 때 약 6~7%의 절감효과를 보였다. 따라서, 본 연구에서 제시하는 효과적 단열조정법과 야간외기 도입은 저에너지건축물 모델 설계에 있어 수요 민감도 분석 선행의 필요성을 환기시키는 점에서 시사점이 높고 대상 건축물의 건물에너지 수요를 저감할 수 있는 설계모델로 활용도가 높을 것이다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.395-405
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• 2001

To make an assessment of the compatibility between DOAS and conventional point monitoring system (MCSAM-2: MS2), we investigated the concentrations of three criteria pollutants which include S $O_2$, N $O_2$, and $O_3$from a national monitoring station in Seoul during the periods of June 1999~August 2000. The average concentration values for the whole study period derived from hourly concentration data sets of those three species indicated that the mean differences between the two methods can be approximated as 18%. When the bias structure of two systems was evaluated through the computation of percent difference(PD) between the two such as ( $C_{DOAS}$- $C_{conventional}$ $C_{DOAS}$*100, differences between the two systems appeared to be quite systematic among different compounds. While the mode of bias peaked at 0~20% or 20~40% in terms of PD values, the cause of such positive bias mainly arised from generally enhanced concentration values of DOAS system. The structure of bias among different species was further assessed through linear regression analysis. Results of the analysis indicated that the dominant portions of differences observed from two monitoring systems can be accounted for by the systematic differences in their spanning and zeroing systems. S $O_2$(MS2)=0.6385 S $O_2$(DOAS)+2.0985($r^2$=0.7894) N $O_2$(MS2)=0.6548 N $O_2$(DOAS)+7.437($r^2$=0.7687) $O_3$(MS2)=1.0359 $O_3$(DOAS)-7.7885($r^2$=0.7944) The findings of slope values at around 0.64~0.65 from two species suggest that DOAS should respond more sensitively in upper bound concentration range. The offset values apart from zero indicate that more deliberate comparison needs to be made between these monitoring systems. However, based on the existence of strong correlations from at least 8,000 data points for each species of comparison, we were able to conclude that the compatibility of two monitoring systems is highly significant. With the improvement of calibration techniques for the DOAS system. its applicability for routine monitoring of airborne pollutant species is expected to be quite extendable.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.757-767
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• 2015

Rock mass is an important engineering material. In hydropower engineering, rock mass of bank slope controlled the stability of an arch dam. However, mechanical characteristics of the rock mass are not only affected by lithology, but also joints. On the basis of field geological survey, this paper built rock mass material containing parallel concentrated joints with different dip angle, different number under different stress conditions by PFC (Particle Flow Code) numerical simulation. Next, we analyzed mechanical property and fracture features of this rock mass. The following achievements have been obtained through this research. (1) When dip angle of joints is $15^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$, with the increase of joints number, peak strength of rock mass has not changed much. But when dip angle increase to $45^{\circ}$, especially increase to $60^{\circ}$ and $75^{\circ}$, peak strength of rock mass decreased obviously with the increase of joints number. (2) With the increase of confining stress, peak strengths of all rock mass have different degree of improvement, especially the rock mass with dip angle of $75^{\circ}$. (3) Under the condition of no confining stress, dip angle of joints is low and joint number is small, existence of joints has little influence on fracture mode of rock mass, but when joints number increase to 5, tensile deformation firstly happened at joints zone and further resulted in tension fracture of the whole rock mass. When dip angle of joints increases to $45^{\circ}$, fracture presented as shear along joints, and with increase of joints number, strength of rock mass is weakened caused by shear-tension fracture zone along joints. When dip angle of joints increases to $60^{\circ}$ and $75^{\circ}$, deformation and fracture model presented as tension fracture zone along concentrated joints. (4) Influence of increase of confining stress on fracture modes is to weaken joints' control function and to reduce the width of fracture zone. Furthermore, increase of confining stress translated deformation mode from tension to shear.