• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.274-281
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• 2005

The climate of the Uisong Area is wet in the heat of summer and cold and dry in winter, The climate is highly consistent. The typical forest soil of the Uisong Area has an acidity of pH 4.5-5.6. The thickness of soil A layers is thin to an average of 10-20 cm and is a typical brown forest soil type. The growth characteristic of this climate and soil environment is as follows. In the case of Larix leptolepis, it takes 5-9 years to reach 6 cm diameter, The annual growth rate falls off greatly at an age of 17-19 years. The change of annual rings is more apparent on the north slopes compared with the east and northeast slopes. Pinus rigida takes 7-9 years to reach a 6 cm diameter. Annual growth rates of Pinus rigida fall greatly when age reaches 19 years. The change of annual ring growth of Pinus rigida was most apparent in the west and northeast slopes compared with the south and east slopes. In the case of Pinus koraiensis, the change of the annual ring width according to the characteristics of the slope is not important. Pinus koraiensis takes 6 yearsto reach the 6cm diameter, and annual growth rate fell off at age 19 years. In the case of Quercus acutissima, the growth of the valley trees is more stable than for trees grown at the mountain base. Annual growth rate of Quercus autissima fell off 19 years after planting. Ring growth of Robinia pseudo-acasia on northeast slopes appears much like that on northwest slopes. In conclusion, the main silviculture species reaches a 6 cm diameter in 5-9 years of growth, and the annual growth rate begins to fall between years 13 and 19 in the Uisong Area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.570-579
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• 2015

Lindera sericea, which belongs to genus Lindera in the Lauraceae family, is labeled under Least Concerned (LC) among Korean rare plants, floristics specific species IV grade and also flagpole species of the Mudeung National Park. It is distributed in Mt. Mudeung, Mt. Cheonbong and Mt. Chogye within gradients from $12^{\circ}$ to $51^{\circ}$. The slope area is from northeast to northwest sides and the altitude range of distribution site is between 220 m and 533 m. The vascular plants in the quadrate where Lindera sericea were studied were identified as a total of 72 taxa; 37 families, 54 genera, 66 species, 5 variants and 1 forma. Among the floristics specific species, IV grade species was Lindera sericea and III grade species were Stewartia pseudocamellia and Acer palmatum. Korean endemic species were Stewartia pseudocamellia and Carex okamotoi. As for the vegetation group, Quercus mongolica and Q. serratak - Lindera sericea, Styrax japonicus populations were found in Mt. Mudeung area where Lindera sericea appeared, Stewartia pseudocamellia-Lindera sericea and Sasa borealis populations were found in Mt. Cheonbong areas, Carpinus laxiflora - Lindera sericea and Sasa borealis populations were found in Mt. Chogye area, and Stewartia pseudocamellia-Lindera sericea and Sasa borealis populations were found in Songgwangsa area. A total number of 662 Lindera sericea individuals were examined. The number of trees with 1 trunk including younger individuals was 353 (53.32%), and the number of trees with 2 to 5 stems was 270 (40.79%). The number of trees with the greatest number of sprouts was 27. Of 662 trees in total, the total number of sprouts was 1,198. Among these, 699 trees (58.34%) were between 50 cm and 150 cm in height. The tallest tree was 585 cm. The most common root-collar diameter of sprouts (992, 82.81%) was under 1 cm, followed by the sprouts with collar diameter from 1.0 to 1.5 cm(156, 13.2%). Among them, the largest root-collar diameter was 3.2 cm. This Lindera sericea specimen had the tallest trunk (565 cm) which was torn lengthwise on one side. Its root and breast parts were decayed by 50% and 25 respectively. Some branches of the three trunks that were more than 4 m in length were dead in the apical portion. Therefore, it is proposed that the Korean Lindera sericea maintains an apical dominance tree type while showing morphological adaptation as a typical shrub because it autonomously decays some branches and trunks over a certain height while increasing the number of its sprouts.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.3 s.87
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• pp.301-310
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• 2005

The effects of defatted soy flour on the physicochemical characteristics of dough and bread making properties were studied. Defatted soy flour is added to wheat flour for bread-making in order to maximize the use of isoflavones in the soybean. Different particle sizes of both defatted soy flour and wheat flour were prepared by grinding and sievingwith meshes. In the mixograph test, the addition of defatted soy flour to wheat flour increased the requirement for water and decreased the dough development time. Water absorption rates were also investigated to determine the optimum quantity of water for good dough. As the level of defatted soy flour mixed with wheat flour increased, the sedimentation and P.K. values decreased. In comparison with control, the bread made with defatted soy flour especially had a lower specific loaf volume. Specific loaf volume of wheat flour-defatted soy flour bread prepared (Ed- this is an incomplete sentence, it's only a subject clause, and I don't how what you intend to state). In terms of the staling rate and hardness of the wheat flour-defatted soy flour bread, the increased defatted soy flour had a faster staling rate during storage at 5? than at 25? for 5days. From the result of sensory evaluation, wheat flour-defatted soy flour breads containing up to $4\%$ defatted soy flour were rated as being of high quality.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.105-112
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• 2020

Transition metal oxide, which undergoes a conversion reaction in the negative electrode material for a lithium-ion batteries, has a high specific capacity, but still has several critical problems. In this study, manganese pyrophosphate (Mn₂P₂O₇), nickel pyrophosphate (Ni₂P₂O₇), and carbon composite materials with pyrophosphates as novel negative electrode materials instead of transition metal oxide, are synthesized through simple solid-state reaction. The initial reversible capacity of Mn₂P₂O₇ and Ni₂P₂O₇ are 333 and 340 mAh g^-1, and when the composite materials are composed with carbon, the reversible capacity increases to 433 and 387 mAh g^-1, respectively. The initial Coulombic efficiency is also improved by about 10%. The Mn₂P₂O₇ and carbon composite material has the highest initial capacity and efficiency, and has the best cycle performance. Mn₂P₂O₇ containing polyanion, has a lower specific capacity due to the large mass of polyanion compared to MnO (manganese oxide). However, since Mn₂P₂O₇ shows a voltage curve with a slope, the charging (lithiation) voltage increases from 0.51 to 0.57 V (vs. Li/Li⁺), and the discharge (delithiation) voltage decreases from 1.15 to 1.01 V (vs. Li/Li⁺). Therefore, the voltage efficiency of the cell is improved because the voltage difference between charging and discharging is greatly reduced from 0.64 to 0.44 V, and the operating voltage of the full cell increases because the negative electrode potential is lowered during the discharging process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.3
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• pp.331-337
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• 1988

To investigate the effects of forest stand and stony characteristics on interception loss from canopy trees, throughfall and stemflow under the canopy of a pine stand and a hardwood stand were measured during 4-month periods July to October, 1986 at the Kwanak Arboretum near Anyang, and the data were analysed by correlation and regression methods. The man results obtained from this study are summerized as follows : 1. The overall throughfall collected during measurement period were 593.5mm(76.7%) in the pine stand and 663.1mm(81.8%) in the hardwood stand oui of total percipitation of 773.8mm. Combined regression analysis describes the relation between total precipitation(P) and throughfall(T) in the pine stand as T=-1.8675+0.8320 P. in the hardwood stand as T=-8179+0.8805P. 2. And the sum of stemflow from measurement of total precipitation in the pine stand and the hardwood stand were 37.4mm(4.8%) and 15.5mm(2%), respectively. In total precipitation less than 2.5mm, stemflow were not measured in both the pine stand and the hardwood stand. Regression equations for the pine stand and the hardwood stand are S=-0.6155+0.0698P, S=-0.0497+0.0183P. The mean slope and intercept of the individual regression of stemflow on rainfall for each fewest stand indicate the proportion of the rain diverted to the trunks and trunk water capacity, respectively. 3. Interception loss accounted for 142.9mm(18.5%) in the pine stand and 125.2mm(16.2%), in the hardwood stand. 4. By quadratic predictive model of relation between interception loss and total incident rainfall, the extent of variance in interception loss explained was about 72% and 61% in the pine stand and the hardwood stand respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.46-55
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• 2007

This study was carried out to analyze both the root structure and the fine root phytomass of the vertical and horizontal distribution of Zelkova serrata Makino. which was transplanted in the reclaimed land from the sea in Gwangyang, Jeonnam, South Korea. The base ground was reclaimed land from the sea. $Z_1$ of the planting ground was filled to a $100{\sim}150cm$ thickness with the improved soil instead of the reclaimed soil from the sea, $Z_2$ of the planting ground was covered to a $20{\sim}30cm$ thickness with the improved soil and $Z_3$ of the planting ground was mounded to 120cm thickness with the improved soil on the reclaimed land from the sea. In addition, $Z_4,\;Z_5\;and\;Z_6$ of the planting grounds were at the large-sized mound on the reclaimed land from the sea. $Z_4$ of the planting ground was located at the lowest level, $Z_5$ planting ground was located at the slope and $Z_6$ planting ground was located at the top of the large-sized mound. The large-sized mounds contain 3 layers, the base layer was reclaimed land from the sea and the second layer was mounded to a $200{\sim}300cm$ thickness with the desalinized soil from the sea on the base layers and the finally layers were mounded to a $80{\sim}120cm$ thickness with improved soil on the second layer. The planting grounds $Z_3,\;Z_4,\;Z_5\;and\;Z_6$ developed roots such as tap roots, lateral roots and heart roots. However, in $Z_1\;and\;Z_2$ roots development were inhibited. The fine-root phytomass of the 6 planting ground types was as follows: $113.5g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_5$, $105.5g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_4$, $88.3g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_3$, $81.0g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_6$, $73.0g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_2$, $43.3g\;DM/m^2$ for $Z_1$. The vertical distribution of the fine root phytomass decreased from the upper to the deeper soil profiles in the 6 mound types. The fine root phytomass was $43.3{\sim}71.8%$ in a $0{\sim}20cm$ thickness of soil layer and it decreased according to the distance from the nearest trees. The root growth in the improved soil was better than in the reclaimed soil from the sea. However, root growth decreased more in the disturbed soils even though the planting grounds contained the improved soils. The retarded development of roots and the spatial distribution patterns of the fine root phytomass were closely connected to the reclaimed soil from the sea. In the disturbed soil, the soil hardness and alkalic cation($Na^+,\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+}$). were high and the soil water was lacking. We suggest that the construction of planting grounds and the improvement of bad soil are necessary for the proper and effective growth of landscaping plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.498-511
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• 2012

Mountainous wetland have many species such as II grade endangered species of wild flora and fauna(Drosera rotundifolia) and environmental indicator species(Utricularia racemosa, Habenaria linearifolia, Parnassia palustris, Molinia japonica, etc.). Accordingly, the mountainous wetlands is very important. However, most mountainous wetlands will disappear by natural or artificial aridness processes. Thus, it needs to manage mountainous wetland for protecting from aridness. This study has found out the wetland status of the environmental ecology and aridness processes moreover, it has suggested ways of improving wetland conservation plan and wetland aridness management plan. According to the results of topography structure survey, Hwaeom wetland's altitude is ranged within 750~810m(87.4%), and slope is less than $10^{\circ}$. There was ideally suited mountainous wetland. However, the water supply(1.6 meters depth and 0.8 meters wide) was built on under the wetland. For that reason, there was concerned about the aridness processes by sweeping away peat layer and dropping the water level. The distribution area of hygrophyte was narrowed to 6.7% whereas, woody plants and xerophytic plants was achieved a dominant position. If it leaves the situation as it is, the mountainous wetland will be developed next succession as forest ecosystem. Therefore, in order to sustain the mountainous wetland from aridness, it is set to the base direction of conservation and management as main schemes. Moreover, we have suggested that setting the vegetation conservation and management area which considering a ecological vegetation characteristics, managing the ecotone vegetation, setting the buffer zone for protection of ecological core areas, protecting the mountainous wetland indicator species and designating the management vegetation. In conclusion, in order to sustain and maintain a soundly wetland ecosystem, it needs to several management of wetlands damage factors. 1) suppression of the excessive groundwater to basin, 2) stabilization of wetland via hydrologic storage, 3) suppression of changing and transforming wetland into forest by succession via management of xerophytic plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.708-722
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• 2010

This study was carried out to classify vegetation structure of the Hyangjeokbong in the Deogyusan National Park using the gradient analysis and phytosociological method. The vegetation was classified into Quercus mongolica community(Rhododendron schlippenbachii subcommunity, typical subcommunity), Q. serrata community, Q. variabillis community, Pinus densiflora community, Cornus controversa community, Fraxinus mandshurica community and Taxus cuspidata community. Ecological characteristics such as species composition, layer structure, vegetation ratio, and the distribution of individual trees by DBH(diameter at breast height) were significantly different among communities. The order of important value of the forest community with DBH 2cm above plants was Q. mongolica(81.2), F. mandshurica, Q. serrata, P. densiflora, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Q. variabillis, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, C. controversa, T. cuspidata. Distribution of DBH of Q. mongolica and Q. serrata had suggesting a continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being. In contrast, F. mandshurica appeared limited to the valley of the sheet and a higher frequency of young individuals, suggesting a continuous domination of these species the development of a climax forest terrain. P. densiflora and T. cuspidata had suggesting a continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being in maintain. Q. variabilis and C. controversa had a formality distribution, suggesting a continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being. This study examined the correlation between each community and the environment according to DCCA ordination. The Q. mongolica community and T. cuspidata community predominated in the highest elevation habitats which had few moisture, Ca and in the low pH. The Q. serrata community mainly occurred in the low elevation habitats which had many moisture. P. densiflora community predominated in the middle elevation and south-facing slope habitats which had few moisture, Ca and in the low pH. F. mandshurica community predominated in the low elevation habitats which had many moisture, Ca and pH.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.233-241
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• 2016

Experiments were carried out to quantify the topographic effects on attenuation of sunshine in complex terrain and the results are expected to help convert the coarse resolution sunshine duration information provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) into a detailed map reflecting the terrain characteristics of mountainous watershed. Hourly shaded relief images for one year, each pixel consisting of 0 to 255 brightness value, were constructed by applying techniques of shadow modeling and skyline analysis to the 3m resolution digital elevation model for an experimental watershed on the southern slope of Mt. Jiri in Korea. By using a bimetal sunshine recorder, sunshine duration was measured at three points with different terrain conditions in the watershed from May 15, 2015 to May 14, 2016. The brightness values of the 3 corresponding pixel points on the shaded relief map were extracted and regressed to the measured sunshine duration, resulting in a brightness-sunshine duration response curve for a clear day. We devised a method to calibrate this curve equation according to sky condition categorized by cloud amount and used it to derive an empirical model for estimating sunshine duration over a complex terrain. When the performance of this model was compared with a conventional scheme for estimating sunshine duration over a horizontal plane, the estimation bias was improved remarkably and the root mean square error for daily sunshine hour was 1.7hr, which is a reduction by 37% from the conventional method. In order to apply this model to a given area, the clear-sky sunshine duration of each pixel should be produced on hourly intervals first, by driving the curve equation with the hourly shaded relief image of the area. Next, the cloud effect is corrected by 3-hourly 'sky condition' of the KMA digital forecast products. Finally, daily sunshine hour can be obtained by accumulating the hourly sunshine duration. A detailed sunshine duration distribution of 3m horizontal resolution was obtained by applying this procedure to the experimental watershed.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.15-30
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• 1998

Physical geography is the discipline which deals with the relationship between man and natural environment. Therefore, it should be studied as the organized unity. In this paper I recognize the drainage basin as a framework outlining physical geography, describe the difference of inhabitant's life style due to the difference of natural environment in the drainage basin, and consider the meaning of drainage basin as a unit of life(and unit of regional geography). Munkyung is divided into three regions(intermontane basin region, middle mountainous region, marginal hilly region of the great basin) owing to the topographic characteristics. Subdivision in these regions is related closely to drainage network distribution, specially in intermontane basin region. And small regions have developed with the confluence point of $3{\sim}4$ order streams as the central figure. Intermontane basin region is the valley floor of Sinbuk-Soya-Kauun-Nongam stream located in the limestone region which is exposed according to Munkyung fault at its northern part. Small streams are affected strongly by the influence of the NNE-SSE or WNW-ESE tectolineament. Thus Kaeripryungro(鷄立嶺路), Saejaegil(새재길), Ewharyungro(伊火嶺路) and so on are constructed through the tectolineament. In the valley floors of small streams which flow into the intermontane basin, there are large floodplains. Floodplain in Sinbuk, Joryung, and Yangsan stream is used to paddy field or orchard, and in Nongam stream is used to paddy field or vegetable field. Hills are distributed largely in the periphery of intermontane basin. Limestone hills in Kauun and Masung basin are not continuous to the present low and flat floodplain, and most of those are used to forest land and field. On the other side. granite hills in Koyori are continuous to be used to the present floodplain, and they are used to residential area and field. In the middle mountainous region are there hilly mountains constructed in the geology of Palaeozoic Pyeongan System in northern area and Chosun System's Limestone Series in southern area, and banded gneiss and schist among Sobaeksan Gneiss Complex. In Palaeozoic Pyeongan System region are there relatively rugged mountains and ingrown meanders developed along tectolineaments. Chosun System's Limestone Series region builds up a geomorphic surface, develops various karst landforms. Mountainous area is used to field. On the other hand, especially in case of Hogye, valley bottom is wide, long, and discontinuous to slope, is used to paddy field dominantly. And schist region in Youngnam Block of Pre-Cambrian is rugged mountainous. Marginal hilly region of the great basin is hilly zone located in the margin of erosional basin(Bonghwa-Youngju-Yechon-Hamchang-Sangju). This region is lower geomorphic surface which is consisted of hills of $50{\sim}100$m height. Hills are used to field or orchard, and dissected gentle depression is used to paddy field.