• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.257-265
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• 2017

In this work, the effect of field-degradation of automotive polymeric interior parts on the squeak characteristics was studied for a number of used vehicles with various mileages and years of service. The purpose of this study was to characterize the squeak noise related with long-term degradation in service life. The characteristics of field-degraded polymeric samples are analyzed using Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Complicated carbonyl spectra from FT-IR were deconvoluted into various carbonyls to trace field-degradation phenomenon. In addition, various mechanical tests, i.e. tensile test, hardness test as well as coefficient of friction test, were performed to analyze the variation in mechanical properties due to field-degradation. Squeak noise was measured and analyzed by frequency analysis. It was shown that the changes in the chemical structures of polymer due to field-degradation influenced the variation in mechanical properties, and squeak noise may worsen by increasing the squeak noise level in the wide frequency range. The results indicated that customer complaints regarding the squeak noise coming from used vehicles might be one of the important reliability issues because the increase in sound pressure level especially in the high frequency range could annoy drivers and passengers.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제75권6호
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• pp.643-657
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• 2020

This study presents experimental and numerical investigations on circular steel tube confined ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) columns under axial compression. The plain UHPC without fibers was designed to achieve a compressive strength ranged between 150 MPa and 200 MPa. Test results revealed that loading on only the UHPC core can generate a significant confinement effect for the UHPC core, thus leading to an increase in both strength and ductility of columns, and restricting the inherent brittleness of unconfined UHPC. All tested columns failed by shear plane failure of the UHPC core, this causes a softening stage in the axial load versus axial strain curves. In addition, an increase in the steel tube thickness or the confinement index was found to increase the strength and ductility enhancement and to reduce the magnitude of the loss of load capacity. Besides, steel tube with higher yield strength can improve the post-peak behavior. Based on the test results, the load contribution of the steel tube and the concrete core to the total load was examined. It was found that no significant confinement effect can be developed before the peak load, while the ductility of post-peak stage is mainly affected by the degree of the confinement effect. A finite element model (FEM) was also constructed in ABAQUS software to validate the test results. The effect of bond strength between the steel tube and the UHPC core was also investigated through the change of friction coefficient in FEM. Furthermore, the mechanism of circular steel tube confined UHPC columns was examined using the established FEM. Based on the results of FEM, the confining pressures along the height of each modeled column were shown. Furthermore, the interaction between the steel tube and the UHPC core was displayed through the slip length and shear stresses between two surfaces of two materials.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.1749-1755
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• 2010

파워 글라스 시스템의 특성은 주로 윈도우 레귤레이터의 거동 특성과 글라스 런에 의한 저항에 의해 결정되며, 시험 결과 분석을 통해 시스템의 성능을 예측한다. 본 논문에서는 시험적인 방법의 한계를 해결하기 위해, 익스플리시트 코드를 사용한 해석적 방법을 제안하였다. 해석 모델에 사용한 글라스 런은 무니-리블린 모델을 사용하여 모델링 하였고, 다양한 조건에서의 마찰 시험을 실시하여 마찰계수를 구하였다. 또한, 윈도우 레귤레이터 파트의 메커니즘은 패스트 벨트 시스템과 슬립 링요소를 사용하여 모델링 하였고, 상승 시 발생하는 전류와 하중과의 상관관계 분석을 통해 레귤레이션 메커니즘의 신뢰성을 검증하였고, 모터의 특성을 고려하여 신뢰성 있는 글라스 상승 시간을 예측하였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.267-275
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• 2001

Friction and wear properties of brake friction materials containing different metal fibers (Al, Cu or Steel fibers) were investigated. Based on a simple experimental formulation, friction materials with the same amount of metal fibers were tested using a pad-on-disk type friction tester. Two different materials (gray cast iron and aluminum metal matrix composite (MMC)) were used for disks rubbing against the friction materials. Results front ambient temperature tests revealed that the friction material containing Cu fibers sliding against gray cast iron disk showed a distinct negative $\mu$-v (friction coefficient vs. sliding velocity) relation implying possible stick-slip generation at low speeds. The negative $\mu$- v relation was not observed when the Cu-containing friction materials were rubbed against the Al-MMC counter surface. Elevated temperature tests showed that the friction level and the intensity of friction force oscillation were strongly affected by the thermal conductivity and melting temperature of metallic ingredients of the friction couple. Friction materials slid against cast iron disks exhibited higher friction coefficients than Al-MMC (metal matrix composite) disks during high temperature tests. On the other hand, high temperature test results suggested that copper fibers in the friction material improved fade resistance and that steel fibers were not compatible with Al-MMC disks showing severe material transfer and erratic friction behavior during sliding at elevated temperatures.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.221-243
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to characterize the mechanical properties of $Y_{2}O_{3}$-containing glass infiltrated ceramic core material, which was made by pressureless powder packing method. A pure alumina powder with a grain size of about $4{\mu}m$ was packed without pressure is silicon mold to form a bar shaped sample, and applied PVA solution as a binder. Samples were sinterd at $1350^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. After cooling, $Y_{2}O_{3}$-containing glass($SiO_{2},\;Y_{2}O_{3},\;B_{2}O_{3},\;Al_{2}O_{3}$, ect) was infiltrated to the sinterd samples at $1300^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours and cooled. Six different proportions $Y_{2}O_{3}$ of were used to know the effect of the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficient between alumina powder and glass. The samples were ground to $3{\times}3{\times}30$ mm size and polished with $1{\mu}m$ diamond paste. Flexural strength, fracture toughness, hardness and other physical properties were obtained, and the fractured surface was examined with SEM and EPMA. Ten samples of each group were tested and compared with In-Ceram(tm) core materials of same size made in dental laboratory. The results were as follows : 1. The flexural strengths of group 1 and 3 were significantly not different with that of In-Ceram, but other experimental groups were lower than In-Ceram. 2. The shrinkage rate of samples was 0.42% after first firing, and 0.45% after glass infiltration. Total shrinkage rate was 0.87%. 3. After first firing, porosity rate of experimental groups was 50%, compared with 22.25% of In-Ceram. After glass infiltration, porosity rate of experimental groups was 2%, and 1% in In-Ceram. 4. There was no statistical difference in hardness between two materials tested, but in fracture toughness, group 2 and 3 were higher than In-Ceram. 5. The thermal expansion coefficients of experimental groups were varied to $4.51-5.35{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$ according to glass composition, also the flexural strengths of samples were varied. 6. In a view of SEM, many microparticles about $0.5{\mu}m$ diameter and $4{\mu}m$ diameter were observed in In-Ceram. But in experimental group, the size of most particles was about $4{\mu}m$, and a little microparticles was observed. The results obtained in this study showed that the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients between alumina powder and infiltrated glass affect the flexural strength of alumin/glass composite. The $Y_{2}O_{3}$-containing glass infiltrated ceramic core made by powder packing method will takes less time and cost with sufficient flexural strength similar to all ceramic crown made with slip casting technique.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.276-285
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• 2012

본 연구목적은 열간압연용 런-아웃 테이블 롤러 표면의 기계적 성질을 개선하기 위해 다공질 자용성 합금으로 피복하는 방법을 개발하는 것이다. 열간압연에서 런-아웃 테이블의 롤러 내구성을 높이기 위해서는 고온에서 롤러표면의 경도를 높게 유지해야 하고, 내마모성, 내식성, 내열성, 내소부성 및 내응착성의 향상을 유지하여야 한다. 또한, 고온의 열연 강판을 안정적으로 이송할 수 있도록 하기 위해서는 롤러표면에 적절한 마찰계수를 유지하도록 하여야 하고, 롤러와 강판 사이에 미끄럼 발생이 없어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 자용성 합금에 텅스텐카바이드를 첨가시켜 서메트화하여 롤러의 내마모성을 증대시켰고, 미세 철분말을 롤러표면에 피복하여 다공질을 만들어 마찰계수를 높이고 붙잡음성을 향상시켰다. 그 결과, Ni-Cr 피복 롤러에 비하여 다공질 자용성 합금 피복 롤러는 피복층에 철분이 5 ~ 10 wt%로 많이 함유되어 재용융 공정에서 전기로로 가열하여 일부분만 합금화되고 나머지는 산화 및 용해에 의해 탈락되어 다공질로 나타나 강판과의 붙잡음성을 향상시켰다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.399-407
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• 2008

건축공사 표준시방서에서 규정하는 TS고력볼트는 KS B 2819에 따라 토크관리법에 의한 체결한다. TS고력볼트는 핀 테일이 파단되면 적정축력이 도입되는 것으로 알려져 있지만, 실제로는 온도조건에 따라 토크계수가 변하고 도입축력도 설계기준에 미치지 못하는 경우가 발생한다. 본 논문에서는 현장 온도조건이 볼트의 토크계수 및 도입축력의 영향을 평가하기 위해 ${-10^{\circ}C{\sim}50^{\circ}C}$ 범위에서 3 종류의 고력 볼트에 대해 도입축력, 토크계수, 너트회전각을 실험적으로 비교 분석하였다. 실험결과 TS고력볼트의 경우 핀 테일이 파단될 때 모든 온도조건에서 설계볼트장력과 표준볼트장력을 상회하는 도입축력을 나타냈으며 ${-10^{\circ}C}$에서 ${50^{\circ}C}$까지 온도 상승함에 따라 핀 테일 파단시점의 볼트에 도입되는 평균축력은 20kN 증가되었다. 아연피막 처리한 일반육각형 고력볼트의 경우, $0^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$조건, 토크계수 0.13과 토크 ${462N{\cdot}m} $에서 표준볼트축력을 상회하였지만, 도입축력의 일정한 경향을 찾을 수 없었으며 온도변수 별 평균 도입축력 차는 최대 50kN이었다. 일반 육각고력볼트의 경우, 온도상승에 따라 평균 도입축력도 상승되는 추세였으며 토크 ${462N{\cdot}m} $ 일때 온도변수별 볼트의 도입축력은 최대 33kN 차이를 보였다. 또한, TS볼트를 제외한 육각볼트 종류 군에 대해서는 너트회전각 ${90^{\circ}}$ 경우의 도입축력은 설계볼트장력에 미치지 못했다. 따라서, 기존 너트회전각 ${120^{\circ}{\pm}30^{\circ}}$의 하한치 ${-30^{\circ}}$에 대한 재평가를 고려해 볼 필요가 있다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2010년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.31-31
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• 2010

The growth of the high-quality GaN epilayers is of significant technological importance because of their commercializedoptoelectronic applications as high-brightness light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) in the visible and ultraviolet spectral range. The GaN-based heterostructural epilayers have the polar c-axis of the hexagonal structure perpendicular to the interfaces of the active layers. The Ga and N atoms in the c-GaN are alternatively stacked along the polar [0001] crystallographic direction, which leads to spontaneous polarization. In addition, in the InGaN/GaN MQWs, the stress applied along the same axis contributes topiezoelectric polarization, and thus the total polarization is determined as the sum of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations. The total polarization in the c-GaN heterolayers, which can generate internal fields and spatial separation of the electron and hole wave functions and consequently a decrease of efficiency and peak shift. One of the possible solutions to eliminate these undesirable effects is to grow GaN-based epilayers in nonpolar orientations. The polarization effects in the GaN are eliminated by growing the films along the nonpolar [$11\bar{2}0$] ($\alpha$-GaN) or [$1\bar{1}00$] (m-GaN) orientation. Although the use of the nonpolar epilayers in wurtzite structure clearly removes the polarization matters, however, it induces another problem related to the formation of a high density of planar defects. The large lattice mismatch between sapphiresubstrates and GaN layers leads to a high density of defects (dislocations and stacking faults). The dominant defects observed in the GaN epilayers with wurtzite structure are one-dimensional (1D) dislocations and two-dimensional (2D) stacking faults. In particular, the 1D threading dislocations in the c-GaN are generated from the film/substrate interface due to their large lattice and thermal coefficient mismatch. However, because the c-GaN epilayers were grown along the normal direction to the basal slip planes, the generation of basal stacking faults (BSFs) is localized on the c-plane and the generated BSFs did not propagate into the surface during the growth. Thus, the primary defects in the c-GaN epilayers are 1D threading dislocations. Occasionally, the particular planar defects such as prismatic stacking faults (PSFs) and inversion domain boundaries are observed. However, since the basal slip planes in the $\alpha$-GaN are parallel to the growth direction unlike c-GaN, the BSFs with lower formation energy can be easily formed along the growth direction, where the BSFs propagate straightly into the surface. Consequently, the lattice mismatch between film and substrate in $\alpha$-GaN epilayers is mainly relaxed through the formation of BSFs. These 2D planar defects are placed along only one direction in the cross-sectional view. Thus, the nonpolar $\alpha$-GaN films have different atomic arrangements along the two orthogonal directions ($[0001]_{GaN}$ and $[\bar{1}100]_{GaN}$ axes) on the $\alpha$-plane, which are expected to induce anisotropic biaxial strain. In this study, the anisotropic strain relaxation behaviors in the nonpolar $\alpha$-GaN epilayers grown on ($1\bar{1}02$) r-plane sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVO) were investigated, and the formation mechanism of the abnormal zigzag shape PSFs was discussed using high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM).

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.145-153
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• 2009

이 연구의 목적은 신체적 약자와 건강한 사람의 경사로 바닥에 대한 미끄럼 평가척도의 변동 경향을 비교 분석하는 것이다. 이 연구를 통해서 반신마비 장애인과 건강한 사람에 대한 중심동요 비교 실험을 통하여 신체적 약자의 중심동요 특성을 항상 재현하는 장애 고령화 체험장비가 개발하였다. 그리고 신체적 약자(건강한 사람이 장애 고령화 체험장비 착용)와 건강한 사람을 대상으로 한 관능검사결과로부터 수평바닥 및 경사로 바닥에 대한 미끄럼 평가척도를 구성하였다. 미끄럼 평가척도와 미끄럼저항계수(C.S.R')의 관계를 분석한 결과로부터 경사로의 기울기나 미끄럼저항 차이에 따른 미끄럼 평가척도의 변동 경향은 남성과 여성이 서로 유사하다는 사실을 명확히 규명하였다. 경사로 바닥에 대한 미끄럼의 평가는 건강한 사람은 C.S.R'가 0.30 이상이면 안전하다고 평가하지만, 신체적 약자는 C.S.R'가 $0.45{\sim}0.50$ 이상인 경우에도 위험하다고 평가하였다. 이러한 평가의 차이는 주로 건강한 사람과 신체적 약자의 보행 메커니즘이 다르기 때문인 것으로 생각된다.

• 복합신소재구조학회 논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2012

고력볼트의 초기 체결력은 미끄럼표면조건에 따라, 일정시간이 경과될 때까지, 축력저하가 발생한다. 이 연구는 미끄럼접합부 표면에 도장이 되어있는 경우, 도장의 크리프현상에 따른 축력저하에 관한 예측 모델을 찾는 것이다. 이 실험연구 범위는 무기질 아연 프라이머로 도포된 볼트접합부의 장기축력저하에 한정한다. 실험에 적용된 볼트종류는 다크로 도포된 토크쉬어 볼트이다. 대상 표면의 도막 두께는 각각 96, 168, $226{\mu}m$ 이었다. 도막두께가 증가될수록, 초기 체결이후 축력이완율은 도막의 크리프 때문에 10%에서 18%로 증가되었다. 장기축력예측을 위한 정량적인 모델은 도막두께에 따른 크리프 스트레인과 경과된 시간사이에 회귀분석 결과로 얻어진다. 이 실험연구를 통해 미끄럼표면 도막의 크리프 거동특성을 알 수 있다면, 일정시간 경과후 고력볼트 체결력은 초기 체결력으로부터 구할 수 있다. 본 실험결과를 근거로 각 도막두께에 대한 장기축력이완이후의 고력볼트 체결력에 관한 정량적인 수식을 제안하였다.