• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.195-211
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• 2002

Gagamguibitang, a composite Korean medicinal drug prescribed by us, was evaluated for its sedative effects by measurements of potentiation on pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, anticonvulsive activities in animal model, inhibitory effect on GABA transaminase activity, and antioxidative activities in vitro- and/or in vivo assay. The results were summerized as follows : 1. Gagamguibitang showed about 2-fold prolongation of pentobarbital-induced sleeping time compared to the control group after administration(p.o) with 2.0g/kg of mice body weight. 2. Gagamguibitang strongly lengthened onset time of pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion, shortened the duration of convulsion and diminished the lethality after treatment(p.o) with 1.0g/kg of mice body weight. 3. Gagamguibitang inhibited dose-dependently the brain GABA transaminase activity in vitro compared to the control group and in vivo compared to the pentylenetetrazole-treated group. 4. Gagamguibitang inhibited effectively brain lipid peroxidation by 45.8% at a dose of l0mg/ml in vitro and by 47.5% after oral treatment with 0.5g/kg of mice body weight in vivo assay. 5. Gagamguibitang exhibited a potent scavenging activity on DPPH radical in a dose-dependent manner with ca. 92% activity at l0mg/ml. As a result, Gagamguibitang can be useful for the effective sedative drug in clinical application.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1599-1605
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• 2014

This study aimed to identify the relationship between depression of the elderly and low back pain. Data were obtained from cross-sectional surveys conducted as a part of the Community Health Survey 2008. The final analysis included data from 3,647 of the 3,649 elderly participants (aged over 65 years), as 2 responses were excluded since they were inaccurate. Data were analyzed with SPSS for Windows (ver. 19.0), using a Rao-Scott ${\chi}^2$-test and Logistic regression by applying a proper weighting. The significance threshold was set as p<0.05. Factors related to the depression of the elderly were low back pain, subjective health status, average sleep duration. Further, depression score was 1.38 times higher in elderly adults with low back pain than elderly adults without low back pain. In order to decrease depression of the elderly with low back pain the development of a program to decrease activities of daily living discomfort and management of low back pain will need to be determined. It is considered necessary to conduct further study to follow through the analysis of the various variables by applying them to the elderly with low back pain and depression.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.246-249
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• 1997

Hiccup is defined as an abrupt involuntary contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles with sudden closure of the glottis 35 msec after onset. The term "intractable" is given to those hiccups with a duration ranging from 24 hours to more than 25 years. Short hiccup bouts are mostly associated with gastric distention or alcohol intake, resolved spontaneously or with simple remedies. In contrast, intractable hiccup is a rare but disabling condition which can induce depression, weight loss and sleep deprivation. Although the pathophysiologic mechanisms of hiccup are still poorly understood, wide variety of pathological conditions such as: brain tumor, abdominal tumor, myocardial infarction, renal failure, abdominal surgery etc., can cause intractable hiccup. A 58-year-old male who had suffered from hepatocellular cancer was consulted from medical department due to intractable hiccup. Initial treatment modalities with administrations of metoclopramide and chlorpromazine and nerve block including phrenic nerve block, cervical epidural block and glossopharyngeal nerve block were not effective. Administration of midazolam and baclofen however achieved desirable effect.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2010

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 4-12% of chool-age children worldwide and is characterized by three core symptoms: hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. Although standard pharmacological treatments, such as methylphenidate and atomoxetine, are available, concerns about drug-induced psychological and cardiovascular problems, as well as growth retardation and sleep disturbances, highlight the continuing need for new therapeutic interventions. Using a neonatal hypoxia-induced hyperactivity model in rats, the potential positive role that oral administration of red ginseng extract may have in relation to the hyperactive phenotype was investigated. Hypoxia was induced in 2-day-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat pups by placing them in a nitrogen chamber for 15 min. The neonatal hypoxia-induced rats showed a significant increase in hyperactivity phenotype, such as increased movement duration, movement distance, and rearing frequency, which was determined by monitoring their spontaneous locomotor activity using the Ethovision video tracking system. One week of oral treatment with red ginseng extract decreased the hyperactivity phenotype of the neonatal hypoxia-induced rats and increased the locomotor activity of the control rats. In the neonatal hypoxia-induced rats, expression of the norepinephrine transporter in the forebrain was increased, and red ginseng treatment partially prevented its up-regulation, while increasing its level in the control rats. Taken together, these results suggest that red ginseng extract decreased the neonatal hypoxia-induced hyperactivity phenotype, although it increased locomotor activity in normal animals.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.495-505
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• 2002

A study was performed to develop as a screening tool the Simple Evaluation Questionnaire for Screening the Over-weight-type Dietary Pattern in 30 to 49 Year Old Adults. We used the data from the 30 to 49 year old subjects who participated in the three surveys - the health behavior survey, the dietary habit survey and the food intake survey - as the National Health and Nutrition Survey 1998. The 3,598 adults were classified into to two body fatness groups of normal (including underweight) and overweight (including obese) on the basis of their relative body weight (RBW) When comparing variables between the two groups, significant differences were found in gender, education, job, employment status, perceived health status, sadness / depression state, stress level, age, number of diseases, age when overweightedness started, maximum body weight, sleep length, drinking pattern (yes/no) , amount of alcoholic drinks, frequency of intoxication or drunkeness, amount of alcoholic drinks when drunk, intensity of exercise, frequency of exercise, exercise duration, skipped meals, small meals and drug supplements. In terms of food intake, there were significant differences in the daily food intake in terms of breakfast, dinner, daily kimchi and dairy products. In terms of mealtimes, we found differences in the amount of cooked rice at breakfast, kimchi at lunch, soup / kuk at dinner, fresh vegetables for snacks, fried foods for snacks between breakfast and lunch, and fruits /juices for snacks between lunch and dinner. After developing questions with indicators and analyzing the indicators by logistic regression analysis three times, we chose 10 questions for a simple evaluation of dietary patterns for the overweight-type category in order to give one point each. Among them we selected two questions to add one additional point and one question to add two additional points. The average scores of the overweight and normal groups, as shown by the developed questionnaire, were $5.97 \pm 2.36 \pm 7.36 \pm 2.21$, respectively. A score of seven points was selected as the cut-off point. We examined the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the questionnaire to the results of 67%, 59% and 62%, respectively.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2017

Objective : Korean employees tend to release their stress by alcohol drinking. This study aimed to investigate the association between job stress and problematic drinking in Korean employees. Methods : The study participants were 72,119 employees who attended health screenings and responded to the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Korea (AUDIT-K), Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF), Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression (CES-D), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and questionnaire on suicidal ideation and sociodemographic characteristics. We investigated the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the problematic drinking group ($AUIDT-K{\geq}12$) and used binary logistic regression to determine the impact of job stress on problematic drinking. Results : Age, gender, marital status, education year, sleep duration, obesity, smoking, suicidal ideation, and depression and anxiety showed significant differences between the problematic drinking group and normal group. Among the various kinds of job stresses, job insecurity and lack of reward were associated with problematic drinking. Conclusion : The result of this study suggested that certain kinds of job stress might be associated with problematic drinking in Korean employees.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.3 s.47
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• pp.465-473
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• 1994

This study was carried out to evaluate the relations between sociodemographic, work-related factors and health related behaviors in a group of 1,042 workers in Taejeon and Chungnam area. The results were as followings: The older workers took more irregularly meals, more cigarette and more alcohol than the younger. Men had more appropriate sleeping time, more regular exercise than women, but more frequent alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. The married had more regular sleeping habit than the unmarried. The group of married were smoking more and obese. In view of monthly income which represent the socioeconomic state of workers, the group of more than 1 million won had more frequent alcohol ingestion, more heavier body weight than another group of less than 1 million won. Workers having their work hours exceed 9 hours had inappropriate sleep duration, and shift workers took more irregularly meals. The group having poor self-rated health status showed more regular diet, exercise and overweight. Workers recently experienced chronic illness were more overweight and lesser smokers. Above results showed that the health related behaviors were related to the sociodemographic characteristics and occupation-related characteristics. The study for relationship between variant factors affecting health behavior and disease or mortality is need and it should be emphasized that the publicity and education of health related behavior for industrial workers is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.40-52
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the length of exposure to smartphone and its association with dietary behavior toward snacks, lifestyle, and nutrition knowledge in elementary school students. Methods: Subjects were 372 5th and 6th grade schoolchildren in Cheongju, Korea, and data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. They were divided into two groups by the time spent using smartphone: moderate (< 2 hours/day) and overexposure (${\geq}2$ hours/day). Data was analyzed using frequency analysis, ${\chi}^2$-test, and independent t-test as well as analysis of covariance when necessary. Results: Approximately half of subjects (41.4%) reported spending ${\geq}2$ hours/day using smartphone. That habit was more frequent among students in the 6th grade, those who received more monthly allowance, and who has a working mother. 63.4% of the subjects reported that they consumed snacks while watching television, using a computer and/or a smartphone and 48.1% said that they consumed snacks while they use a smartphone. Both situations were most prevalent among those with overexposure to smartphone (${\geq}2$ hours/day). We also observed that a higher percentage of subjects from the overexposure group spent more money on snack foods with the preference for ice cream, fast food, and carbonated drinks. Further, those in the overexposure group consumed more ice cream, cookies, and carbonated drinks. In addition, they had less desirable dietary behavior and health-related lifestyle (sleep duration and frequency of regular exercise) compared to those with moderate smartphone usage (< 2 hours/day). However, there was no statistical difference in nutrition knowledge among children with different degrees of smartphone usage. Conclusions: Our results showed that longer smartphone use was associated with less desirable snack preference/consumption and other dietary behavior in elementary school students. Thus interest and positive attitudes towards healthy snacks and diet should be reinforced in nutrition education programs, especially for those who are prone to use smartphones.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.413-426
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• 2019

This study was performed to describe the longitudinal management of recurrent temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis from infancy to adulthood in perspective of surgical and orthodontic treatment. A 2-year-old girl was referred with chief complaints of restricted mouth opening and micrognathia due to bilateral TMJ ankylosis. For stage I treatment during early childhood (6 years old), high condylectomy and interpositional arthroplasty were performed. However, TMJ ankylosis recurred and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) developed. For stage II treatment during early adolescence (12 years old), gap arthroplasty, coronoidectomy, bilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis, and orthodontic treatment with extraction of the four first premolars were performed. However, TMJ ankylosis recurred. Because the OSA symptoms reappeared, she began to use a continuous positive airway pressure device. For stage III treatment after completion of growth (20 years old), low condylectomy, coronoidectomy, reconstruction of the bilateral TMJs with artificial prostheses along with counterclockwise rotational advancement of the mandible, genioglossus advancement, and orthodontic treatment were performed. After stage III treatment, the amount of mouth opening exhibited a significant increase. Mandibular advancement and ramus lengthening resulted in significant improvement in the facial profile, Class I relationships, and normal overbite/overjet. The OSA symptoms were also relieved. These outcomes were stable at the one-year follow-up visit. Since the treatment modalities for TMJ ankylosis differ according to the duration of ankylosis, patient age, and degree of deformity, the treatment flowchart suggested in this report could be used as an effective guideline for determining the appropriate timing and methods for the treatment of TMJ ankylosis.

• CELLMED
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1.1-1.13
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• 2019

Background: Contents of bioactive substances extractable from different parts of terrestrial plants vary enormously. Aim: To ascertain that parts of Withania somnifera other than its roots can also be used for prevention and cure of unavoidable stress triggered central hypersensitivity to pain. Material and Methods: Groups of male or female mice treated either with Withania somnifera extracts or with metformin, aspirin, imipramine, diazepam and niacin for 11 consecutive days were subjected to "foot-shock stress-induced hyperthermia" and "hot plate" tests on the 1st, 5th, 7th, and 10th days of the experiments. On the 11th day, they were subjected to tail suspension test and on 12th day pentobarbital hypnosis test. Results: Except for diazepam and imipramine, protective effects of all other tested drugs as well as of the Withania somnifera extracts against stress-induced central hypersensitivity to pain were accompanied by their preventive effects against foot-shock stress-induced body weight losses. All observed stress response suppressing effects of all test agents increased with increasing numbers of treatment days. However, mean duration of pentobarbital-induced sleep was shorter in the extracts treated groups and longer in the diazepam treated ones only. Conclusions: Reported observations reveal that pharmacological activity profile of Withania somnifera extracts in male and female mice are almost identical, and are not like those of several drugs currently often prescribed for the treatment of diabetes-associated comorbidities. Withanolides are not the only extractable bioactive constituents of Withania somnifera. The described bioassay system is well suited for pharmacological standardization of diverse types of Withania somnifera extracts.