• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.258-263
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• 2001

Campylobacter spp. isolated and identified from the raw chicken carcasses in food service, were characterized. Total bacterial counts on the skins of raw chicken were 10$^4$~10$^{6}$ CFU/g and a total of 205 strains were primarily isolated after enrichment culture and selective culture of the sample with candle and microaerophilic chamber method. Among them, twenty eight strains of Gram-negative, catalase-positive and oxidase-positive were further isolated by the determination of biochemical characteristics. Only sixteen strains of them were finally identified as Campylobacter with PCR of pA and pB primers. Nine strains, more than half of them, have grown at 42$^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ and seven strains defined as thermophilic Campylobacter grew not at $25^{\circ}C$, but at 42$^{\circ}C$. Therefore, more careful management of food safety for raw chicken is needed in food service. Particularly, we should concern the raw chicken carcasses with high bacteria contamination, more them 10$^{5}$ CFU/g, which possibly includes Campylobacter spp. grown at low temperature.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.278-278
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• 1996

Judging from hydrocortisone concentration in dosing area, the extent of absorption was reduced in the liposome-gel formulation. However, higher and sustained skin concentrations of hydrocortisone were achieved for the liposome-gel as compared to the ointment. Drug concentration in both viable and deep skin reached its maximum within 0.5 h after application of both formulations to both skin types. Drug concentrations in both skins from the ointment declined with time, while those from the liposome-gel were greatly sustained. The sustainment by the liposome-gel was more remarkable in the viable skin than in the deep skin. Drug concentration in the viable skin could be maintained at a nearly constant level for over 8 h by applying the liposome-gel. As a result, a 5-fold higher viable skin drug concentration was obtained from the liposome-gel than from the ointment at 8 h after the application to the SC-removed skin. However, the plasma concentration of hydrocortisone at 4 h from the liposome-gel was only one-fourth (p<0.01) the value from the ointment when the drug was applied to the SC-removed skin, consistent with. the lower urinary (one-third, p<0.05) and fecal (one-half, p＜0.05) excretion. Conclusions : Retarded diffusion of the drug from the skin to the systemic blood stream appears to be a potential factor in the sustained skin concentration of hydrocortisone from the liposome-gel, Interaction of hydrocortisone in the skin with phosphatidylcholine, a component of the liposomes and skin, may well be a factor in retarding the diffusion of the drug in the skin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.49-64
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• 2003

A study on skin care of middle-aged women was conducted to develop proper skin care program. The study was performed from January 25, 2003 through March 24, 2003 by using questionnaires. The subjects were 380 from some area in Youngnam province. All subjects were females from 40 to 59 years. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. According to general characteristics of the subjects, 36.8% of them was from 40 to 44years old; 61.3% 'high school graduate' ; 61.1% 'housewife';89.2% 'married' ;76.1% 'middle class' ;55.8% 'living in small or medium sized city'. In the case of physical health conditions, 55.8% of the respondents was in good health and 63.9% answered that their face skins were healthy. Those who don't drink were 54.5%, and those who don't smoking were 92.9%. 2. In case of the knowledge level of skin care, it showed significant difference in the variables of education, occupation, and economic status. According to the knowledge level of skin care by physical health conditions, it was highest in the case of physically healthy respondents(7.77 point). Those who do not smoke marked higher knowledge level of skin care than those who smoke. Those who exercise also marked higher knowledge level of skin care, than those who don't exercise. 3. 86.8% of the subjects experienced the massage at home. It showed significant difference in the variable of education and place of residence. The knowledge and habit of skin care of middle-aged women showed significant difference according to the variable of education, economic status, and place of residence. Therefore, related professionals and organizations relating to the skin care must make efforts to develop education program for effective skin care for middle-aged women in order to enhance the knowledge level of skin care and information about skin health.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2002

From the 24 kinds of literature on the Consumptive disease, it can be concluded as follows. 1. The consumptive disease is the Imparement of deficiency type due to overstrain. it is a general term for these all symptom such as and Deficiency of primordial Qi and Essence of life and blood. 2. The excessive fire due to Yin-Deficiency and the injury of spleen-stomach is accounted much of the cause of Consumptive disease. 3. The main cause of the Hepatic asthenia are the Anger, Consumption and over-thinking. 4. The symptoms of the Consumptive disease are mainly caused by the functional disorder of Liver taking charge of tendons. storing and regulating blood, Heart being in charge of blood circulation. taking charge of mental activities. Spleen taking charge of muscles, transforting and transforming nutrients. Lung taking charge of skins and hairs, taking charge of respirations, Kidney taking charge of bones, storing essence of life. 5. The main symptoms of Hepatic asthenia are flaccidity of muscles and temeons which causes limited movement caused by muscular atonia and the loss of bightness of eyes. 6. The main treatments of Consumptive disease are the invigorating the Spleen-stomach and the invigorating the Kidney and storing essence of life. 7. The treatments of Hepatic asthenia are the moderating the middle and the nourishing the muscles and tendons.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 2011

To evaluate the whitening effect of black tea water extract (BT), BT was topically applied to artificially hyperpigmented spots on the back skins of brown guinea-pigs (weight: 450~500 g) induced by 1,500 mJ/$cm^2$ of ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. The test compounds of 30 ${\mu}l$ were applied twice a day, six days a week, for four weeks. The artificially hyperpigmented spots were divided into 5 groups: control (UVB + saline, C), vehicle control [UVB + propylene glycol: ethanol: water (5 : 3 : 2), VC], positive control (UVB + 2% hydroquinone, PC), experimental 1 (UVB + 1% BT), experimental 2 (UVB + 2% BT). After 4-week application, the spots were removed by biopsy punch under anesthetic condition and used as specimens for the histological examination. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of BT were 104 and 91 mg/g, respectively. The electron-donating ability of BT revealed a dose-dependent response, showing the excellent capacities of 86% at 800 ${\mu}g$/ml. The artificially hyperpigmented spots treated with the PC and BT were obviously lightened compared to the C and VC groups. At the fourth week, the melanin indices for the PC and BT groups were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than those of the C and VC groups. In histological examination, PC and BT groups were significantly reduced in the melanin pigmentation, the proliferation of melanocytes and the synthesis of melanosomes compared to the C and VC groups. It is found that BT inhibits the proliferation of melanocytes and synthesis of melanosomes in vivo using brown guinea pigs, thereby showing a definite skin whitening effect.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.192-203
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• 2004

The AA5182/polypropylene/AA5182 (AA/PP/AA) sandwich sheets have been developed for the application for automotive body panels in the future light weight vehicles with significant weight reduction. It has been reported that the 5182 aluminum sheet shows Luders band because of dissolved Mg atoms that causes fabrication process problem, especially surface roughness. The examination of serration behavior has been made after the tensile deformation of the AA/PP/AA sandwich sheets as well as that of the 5182 aluminum skin at room and elevated temperatures. All sandwich sheets and the 5182 aluminum skin showed serration phenomena on their flow curves. However, the magnitude of the serration was significantly diminished in the sandwich sheet with the high volume fraction of the polypropylene core. According to the results of the surface roughness analysis after the tensile test, the sandwich sheet evidently showed lower Luders band depth than the 5182 aluminum skin. Strain rate sensitivity, m-value, of the 5182 aluminum skin was -0.006. By attaching this skin with polypropylene core which has relatively large positive value, 0.050, m-value of the sandwich sheets was changed to the positive value. The serration reduction of the sandwich sheets was quantitatively investigated in the point of the effect on the polypropylene core thickness variation, that on the strain rate sensitivity. It was found that the serration reduction degree from the experimental results of the sandwich sheet was higher than that from the calculated values by the rule of mixture based on volume fraction of the skins and the core.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.773-788
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• 2003

Ostrich farming is a developing industry in most countries in the world, with farm profitability being largely dependent on the quality of the products, especially skins and meat. To produce quality products, it is essential to ensure that nutrient supply matches the nutrient requirements of ostriches during their growth. To achieve this, information on feed utilisation efficiency and nutrient requirements of ostriches at different maturity stages is required. In South Africa, a number of experiments were carried out to assess the nutritive value of feed and to define the nutrient requirement of ostriches. These data were derived from limited number of birds and the direct application of the results to ostrich farming in Australia and other countries is questionable due to the difference in environment and feed resources. Initially ostrich farmers used data from poultry as a guideline for feed formulation, but in recent years more data has become available for ostriches. Ostriches have a better feed utilisation efficiency and a larger capacity of using high fibre feeds such as pastures than poultry. This review revealed that there are a number of areas there further nutritional research and development is required to ensure the ostriches are provided suitable diets to maximise farm profitability. These include the assessment of the nutritive value of feed ingredients for ostrich chicks and adult birds, the determination of nutrient requirements of ostriches under different farming systems, the development of ostrich diet for producing specific product, and grazing management strategies of ostriches in a crop-pasture rotation system.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.233-241
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• 2005

Ursolic acid (UA), a bioactive triterpene acid, has been known to increase collagen content in human skin in addition to other actions such as anti-inflammatory, skin-tumor prevention and anti-invasion. However, it is poorly soluble in water. Therefore, we firstly prepared microemulsion system with benzyl alcohol, ethanol and Cremophor EL, RH 40 and Brij 35 as surfactant in order to increase solubility of UA and then prepared microemulsion was dispersed in o/w cream base for the topical delivery of UA in an effort to improve anti-wrinkle effect. The pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were developed and various microemulsion formulations were prepared using benzyl alcohol as an oil, Cremophor EL, RH 40 and Brij 35 as a surfactant. The droplet size of microemulsions was characterized by dynamic light scattering. The accumulation of VA in the skin from topical cream was evaluated in vitro using hairless mouse skins. The mean droplet size was $26.8{\pm}6.6$ nm for microemulsions II with Cremophor EL. All UA creams showed pseudoplastic flow and hysterisis loop in their rheogram, depending on the type of materials added in topical creams. The in vitro accumulation data demonstrated the UA topical cream prepared with the combination of Poloxamer 407 and Xanthan gum as a copolymer showed higher accumulation percentage than those prepared with either Poloxamer 407 or Xanthan gum. These results suggest that UA topical cream using microemulsion systems may be promising for the topical delivery of UA.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.403-409
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• 2005

For transdermal delivery of large molecular drugs such as vaccine and protein drugs, novel microneedle treatment device with roll was designed. The roll dimension is 1.43 cm diameter and 2.8 cm perimeter. Total number of microneedle on the roll is 3,360 with $230\;{\mu}m$ height and $740\;{\mu}m$ distance. The pore with $150\;{\mu}m$ depth and $35\;{\mu}m$ diameter on the skin was made by the designed microneedle device. This system could be achieved without pain. The permeation rates of FITC labelled ovalbumin (FITC-OVA, molecular weight: 45,000 g/mol) as a model protein were determined by modified Franz diffusion cells using skins of hairless mice or SD rats which were treated by using microneedle device two or four times. The average penetration fluxes of model protein increased from 674 to $872\;{\mu}g/cm^{2}{\cdot}hr$ as the number of treatment to make pore increased from two to four times. In conclusion, we confirmed the possibility of using the designed microneedle treatment device for transdermal delivery of the large molecular drugs.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.129-133
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• 2003

In order to evaluate the effects of vehicles and penetration enhancers on skin permeation of apomorphine, the skin permeation rates of apomorphine from vehicles of different composition were determined using Franz diffusion cells fitted with excised rat skins. Solubility of apomorphine in various solvents was investigated to select a vehicle suitable for the percutaneous absorption of apomorphine. The solvents used were propylene glycol (PG), $Transcutol^{\circledR},\;Labrasol^{\circledR},\;Labrafac hydro WL^{\circledR},\;Labrafil WL 2609 BS^{\circledR}$ and isopropyl alcohol. Even though permeation rates of apomorphine from each vehicle were low $(0.008-0.36\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr)$, the combination of PG and $Labrafac^{\circledR}$ increased it significantly. The permeation rates of apomorphine from $PG/Labrafac^{\circledR}$ mixtures increased as the volume fraction of PG in the mixture increased. The maximum permeation rate of $18\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$ was achieved at 30% of PG, which decreased with further increase of PG fraction. A series of fatty acids, alcohols and monoterpenes were employed as penetration enhancers. Incorporation of each enhancer in the $PG/Labrafac^{\circledR}$ (30:70) mixture at the level of 10% improved the skin permeation significantly. The highest permeation rate, $117\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$, was attained with myristic acid.