• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.221-225
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• 2011

Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that has temporary and reversible enzymatic effects on the matrix of connective tissue. When added to local anesthetics in pain treatments, it enhances their infiltration and dispersal into tissues. It is widely used in anesthesia for ocular, dental, and plastic surgery. Reports of drug hypersensitivity to hyaluronidase are rare and are usually confined to peribulbar or retrobulbar anesthesia during ophthalmic surgery. However, few reports exist on adverse drug reaction after epidural injection. We have observed two patients experiencing anaphylactic shock caused by hyaluronidase following epidural injection. Most of the patients with a hypersensitivity to hyaluronidase had one previous uneventful injection containing hyaluronidase, implying that sensitization had taken place. However, hypersensitivity occurring at the first administration is possible. A positive skin test can help establish the diagnosis. Although rare, the possibility of an allergic reaction to hyaluronidase should be considered even in patients with no known previous exposure.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.119-129
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• 2019

As the use of cosmetics has greatly increased in a daily life, safety issues with cosmetic ingredients have drawn an attention. Drometrizole [2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)benzotriazole] is categorized as a sunscreen ingredient and is used in cosmetics and non-cosmetics as a UV light absorber. No significant toxicity has been observed in acute oral, inhalation, or dermal toxicity studies. In a 13-week oral toxicity study in beagle dogs, No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was determined as 31.75 mg/kg bw/day in males and 34.6 mg/kg bw/day in females, based on increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity. Although drometrizole was negative for skin sensitization in two Magnusson-Kligman maximization tests in guinea pigs, there were two case reports of consumers presenting with allergic contact dermatitis. Drometrizole showed no teratogenicity in reproductive and developmental toxicity studies in which rats and mice were treated for 6 to 15 days of the gestation period. Ames tests showed that drometrizole was not mutagenic. A long-term carcinogenicity study using mice and rats showed no significant carcinogenic effect. A nail product containing 0.03% drometrizole was nonirritating, non-sensitizing and non-photosensitizing in a test with 147 human subjects. For risk assessment, the NOAEL chosen was 31.75 mg/kg bw/day in a 13-week oral toxicity study. Systemic exposure dosages were 0.27228 mg/kg bw/day and 1.90598 mg/kg bw/day for 1% and 7% drometrizole in cosmetics, respectively. Risk characterization studies demonstrated that when cosmetic products contain 1.0% of drometrizole, the margin of safety was greater than 100. Based on the risk assessment data, the MFDS revised the regulatory concentration of drometrizole from 7% to 1% in 2015. Under current regulation, drometrizole is considered to be safe for use in cosmetics. If new toxicological data are obtained in the future, the risk assessment should be carried out to update the appropriate guidelines.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2017

천연물인 후박(Magnolia obovata Bark, M. obovata Bark)을 에탄올 추출 및 농축하여 에틸아세테이트 층으로 분획한 분획물이 피부에 안전하고 효과적인 미백 활성을 확인함으로써 미백 화장품 원료 소재로서 가능성을 확인하였다. 후박의 에탄올 농축물을 에틸아세테이트 분획하여 유효물질 honokiol을 HPLC로 정량하였다. 후박 에틸아세테이트 분획물에 대한 in vitro 미백활성 결과, 농도 의존적으로 세포 외 멜라닌 분비를 감소시켜 $IC_{50}=11.05{\mu}g/mL$임을 확인하였다. 또한 세포에 독성을 가지지 않는 최대농도인 $12.5{\mu}g/mL$ 처리 시 최대 약 60%의 멜라닌 분비 억제로 세포 외로 분비되는 멜라닌의 양을 효과적으로 억제함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 ${\alpha}-MSH$ (50 nM) 처리한 그룹과 비교하여 $IC_{50}=10.85{\mu}g/mL$로 우수한 세포 내 멜라닌 생성억제 효과를 보였으며 세포에 자극이 되지 않는 최대농도인 $12.5{\mu}g/mL$ 처리 시 최대 약 59%의 멜라닌 생성 억제를 확인하여 세포 외 멜라닌 분비 뿐만 아니라 세포 내에 존재하는 멜라닌의 양 또한 효과적으로 억제함을 확인할 수 있었다. 양성대조군으로 사용된 ${\alpha}-arbutin$의 경우, $IC_{50}=59.99{\mu}g/mL$로 후박 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 양성대조군 ${\alpha}-arbutin$과 비교하여 우수한 세포 내 멜라닌 생성 억제 효과를 가짐을 확인하였다. 임상연구의 경우, 후박 에틸아세테이트 분획물을 적용한 화장품 크림은 (주)대한피부과학연구소(KDRI) 윤리위원회의 IRB 승인(KDRI-IRB-1536) 후 반복 첩포를 통한 인체 누적첩포시험을 진행하여 무감작 물질로 확인하였다. 또한 후박 에틸아세테이트 분획물을 적용한 화장품 크림은 대조군 대비 국소적 미백효과와 신뢰성 있는 피부 안전성을 보여주었다. 최종적으로 후박 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 안전하고 효과적인 미백효과를 가지는 화장품 소재로 충분한 이용 가능성이 있음을 확인하였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.494-502
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 H. pylori의 감염을 예방하고 치료보조제로 사용할 목적으로 포유동물을 통한 피동면역용 항체를 생산하고자 하였다. 따라서 anti-H. pylori 항체를 함유한 면역우유 생산용 백신개발에 기초자료를 얻고자 H. pylori의 면역성과 면역독성에 관한 실험을 수행하였다. 백신을 반복해서 투여했을 때 야기될 수 있는 알레르기 및 과민반응을 예측하고, 페니실린 쇼크와 같은 심각한 부작용 및 독성유발 가능성을 검색하기 위하여 백신의 면역독성을 평가하였다. 전신성 anaphylaxis 쇼크반응의 유무를 평가하기 위해 각 군당 5마리의 guinea pig에 감작투여한 후 최종감작 1주와 2주째에 귀정맥(ear vein)으로 야기항원을 투여하였다. anaphylaxis 쇼크 반응 시험에서 5마리 중 1마리가 양성반응을 나타낸 경우 의약품의 안전성 평가라는 관점에서는 양성으로 판정한다[11]. H. pylori의 WC항원에 대한 1차 및 2차 야기항원 투여 후 전신성 anaphylaxis 쇼크반응에 대한 관찰 결과는 다음과 같다. H. pylori의 WC에 대한 anaphylaxis 쇼크반응은 WC (H) $60\;{\mu}g/100\;{\mu}l$의 항원농도에서 1차, 2차 야기항원 투여 모두 경증의 증상을 나타내었고, WC (L) $20\;{\mu}g/100\;{\mu}l$의 항원농도에서는 아무런 anaphylaxis 쇼크 증상이 관찰되지 않았다. 그리고 crude urease에 대한 anaphylaxis 쇼크반응은 항원농도가 $20\;{\mu}g/100\;{\mu}l$의 urease (L)와 $60\;{\mu}g/100\;{\mu}l$의 urease (H) 모두에서 아무런 증상도 관찰되지 않았다. Guinea pig-rat를 이용한 PCA 시험에서는 WC (H), WC (L), urease (H), urease (L) 투여군 모두에서 양성반응이 나타나지 않았다. 피부감작성 시험에서는 항원농도에 따라 각각 $80\;{\mu}g/100\;{\mu}l$, $40\;{\mu}g/100\;{\mu}l$, $20\;{\mu}g/100\;{\mu}l$, $20\;{\mu}g/100\;{\mu}l$ 일 때 피부이상 증상 즉, 피부 트러블이 발생하지 않는 최고의 항원농도는 $40\;{\mu}g/100\;{\mu}l$인 것으로 관찰되었다. 결론적으로 항원성 시험에서 H. pylori로부터 분리된 urease 항원이 WC 항원보다 면역독성 측면에서 좀 더 안전할 것으로 조사되었다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.59-62
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• 2015

Objectives: A previous study showed that bee venom (BV) could cause anaphylaxis or other hypersensitivity reactions. Although hypersensitivity reactions due to sweet bee venom (SBV) have been reported, SBV has been reported to be associated with significantly reduced sensitization compared to BV. Although no systemic immediate hypersensitive response accompanied by abnormal vital signs has been reported with respect to SBV, we report a systemic immediate hypersensitive response that we experienced while trying to use SBV clinically. Methods: The patient had undergone BV treatment several times at other Oriental medicine clinics and had experienced no adverse reactions. She came to acupuncture & moxibustion department at Semyung university hospital of Oriental medicine (Je-cheon, Korea) complaining of facial hypoesthesia and was treated using SBV injections, her first SBV treatment. SBV, 0.05 cc, was injected at each of 8 acupoints, for a total of 0.40 cc: Jichang (ST4), Daeyeong (ST5), Hyeopgeo (ST6), Hagwan (ST7), Yepung (TE17), Imun (TE21), Cheonghoe (GB2), and Gwallyeo (SI18). Results: The patient showed systemic immediate hypersensitive reactions. The main symptoms were abdominal pain, nausea and perspiration, but common symptoms associated with hypersensitivity, such as edema, were mild. Abdominal pain was the most long-lasting symptom and was accompanied by nausea. Her body temperature decreased due to sweating. Her diastolic blood pressure could not be measured on three occasions. She remained alert, though the symptoms persisted. The following treatments were conducted in sequence; intramuscular epinephrine, 1 mg/mL, injection, intramuscular dexamethasone, 5 mg/mL, injection, intramuscular buscopan, 20 mg/mL, injection, oxygen ($O_2$) inhalation therapy, 1 L/minutes, via a nasal prong, and intravascular injection of normal saline, 1 L. After 12 hours of treatment, the symptoms had completely disappeared. Conclusion: This case shows that the use of SBV does not completely eliminate the possibility of hypersensitivity and that patients who received BV treatment before may also be sensitized to SBV. Thus, a skin test should be given prior to using SBV.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2022

Background: The pentadecapeptide BPC-157 has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects on multiple target tissues and organs. Peptides have potent anti-inflammatory effects on periodontal tissues in rats with periodontitis. Few studies have investigated the effect of BPC-157 on pain after dental procedures or oral surgeries. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antinociceptive effects of BPC-157 on postoperative incisional pain in rats. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: control (saline with the same volume), BPC10 (10 ㎍/kg of BPC-157), BPC20 (20 ㎍/kg of BPC-157), BPC40 (40 ㎍/kg of BPC-157), and morphine (5 mg/kg of morphine). A 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through the skin, fascia, and muscle of the plantar aspect of the hind paw in isoflurane-anesthetised rats. Withdrawal responses were measured using von Frey filaments at 0, 2, 6 h and 4, 7 d after incision. The formalin test was also performed to differentiate its anti-nociceptive effect from an inflammatory reaction or central sensitization. Pain behavior was quantified periodically in phases 1 and 2 by counting the number of flinches in the ipsilateral paw after injection with 30 µL of 5% formalin. Results: The threshold of mechanical allodynia was significantly increased in the BPC10, BPC20, BPC40 and morphine groups compared with that in the control group at 2 h. These increasing thresholds then returned to the levels of the control group. The BPC-157 group showed a much higher threshold at 4 days after incision than the control group. The thresholds of the BPC groups, except the morphine group, were normalized 7 days after incision. The flinching numbers of the BPC10, BPC20, BPC40 and morphine groups were significantly decreased in phase 1, but there was no decrease in the BPC-157 groups except the morphine group in phase 2. Conclusions: BPC-157 was effective only for a short period after incision. It was also effective during phase 1 but not during phase 2, as determined by the formalin test. BPC-157 might have a short antinociceptive effect, even though it has anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects.