• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.247-251
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• 2004

UV radiation exerts various influences in the skin, including photoaging and inflammation (1). The MMPs (Matrix metalloproteinases), which are induced by UV irradiation, can degrade matrix proteins, and these results in a collagen deficiency in photodamaged skin that leads to skin wrinkling. It has been known that the production of PGE$_2$ stimulates MMPs expression, and inhibits procollagen (2). Thus, it is possible that the induction of MMPs and the inhibition of matrix protein synthesis by UV -induced PGE$_2$ may play some role in UV-induced collagen deficiency in photoaged skin. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP), a glycolytic metabolite, is reported to have cytoprotective effects against ischemia and postischemic reperfusion injury of brain and heart, presumably by augmenting anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism (3). And also, FDP significantly prevent skin aging by decreasing facial winkle compared with vehicle alone after 6 months of use. We studied the mechanism of anti-aging effect of FDP on UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocyte model. FDP has protective role in UVB injured keratinocyte by attenuating prostaglandin E$_2$ (PGE$_2$) production and COX-2 expression. And FDP also suppressed UVB-induced MMP-2 expression. Further, to delineate the inhibition of UVB-induced COX-2 and MMPs expression with cell signaling pathways, treatment of FDP to HaCaT keratinocytes resulted in marked inhibition of UVB-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK. It also prevents UV induced NFB translocation, which are activated by cellular inflammatory signal. Our results indicate that FDP has protecting effects in UV-injured skin aging by decreasing UVB-induced COX-2 and MMPs expression, which are possibly through blocking UVB-induced signal cascades.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2009

GM-CSF is a multipotent growth factor, which also plays an important role during the process of wound healing. rrhGM-CSF was specifically produced from rice cell culture in our laboratory (Hanson Biotech Co., Ltd, Daejeon). The rrhGMCSF contains more oligosaccharide side chains than any other types of GM-CSF. This work was taken to evaluate the influence on wound healing of rrhGM-CSF in male golden hamsters. Full thickness skin defects of 9 mm in diameter were made in the back of hamsters, and 100 ${\mu}L$ ointment containing rrhGM-CSF 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ was applied. Control groups were given ointment without rrhGM-CSF. The wound sizes were relatively reduced and skin was well regenerated in the experimental group compared with the control group. Structurally, reepithelialization and architecture of the skin following injury were well accomplished in the experimental group. And also, positive reaction of PCNA of the skin following injury was more prominent in rrhGM-CSF containing ointment treatment group. Since this type of GM-CSF has highly glycosylated side chains, the effectiveness might be retain longer and stable, regarding acceleration of wound healing in the animal model. The present study has important implications for further development of the therapeutic manipulation of wound healing using rrhGM-CSF.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2010

Objective : Streptococcus pyogenes is a beta-hemolytic bacterium that belongs to Lancefield serogroup A, also known as group A streptococci (GAS). There have been five reported case in terms of PubMed-based search but no reported case of brain abscess caused by Streptococcus pyogenes as a result of penetrating skull injury. We present a patient who suffered from penetrating skull injury that resulted in a brain abscess caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Methods : The patient was a 12-year-old boy who fell down from his bicycle while cycling and ran into a tree. A wooden stick penetrated his skin below the right lower eyelid and advanced to the cranium. He lost consciousness on the fifth day of the incident and his body temperature was measured as $40^{\circ}C$. While being admitted to our hospital, a cranial computed tomography revealed a frontal cystic mass with a perilesional hypodense zone of edema. There was no capsule formation around the lesion after intravenous contrast injection. Paranasal CT showed a bone defect located between the ethmoidal sinus and lamina cribrosa. Results : Bifrontal craniotomy was performed. The abscess located at the left frontal lobe was drained and the bone defect was repaired. Conclusion : Any penetrating lesion showing a connection between the lamina cribrosa and ethmoidal sinus may result in brain abscess caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. These patients should be treated urgently to repair the defect and drain the abscess with appropriate antibiotic therapy started due to the fulminant course of the brain abscess caused by this microorganism.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 1985

This study was undertaken to observe the histopathologic changes in salivary gland of the white rats when exposed to megavoltage fractionated dose of cobalt-60 irradiation and 78 female white rats, weighing approximately 180gm, were divided into control and 3 experimental groups. Irradiation on experimental groups was delivered by using 6000 curies MeV ALCYON cobalt-60 teletherapy unit with exposure rate 183 rads per minute, in source skin distance 80cm, 600 rads every 3 days. In experimental groups, Group Ⅰwas irradiated of total dose 1200 rads for a period of 6 days, Group Ⅱ was irradiated of total dose 2400 rads for a period of 12 days and Group Ⅲ was irradiated of total dose of 4800 rads for a period of 24 days. The animals were sacrificed serially at 3 hours, 6 hours, 10 hours, 1st day, 4th day, 7th day after each completion of irradiation exposure. At sacrifice, salivary glands were excised and examined microscopically and electromicroscopically. The results were as follows: 1. The acinar cells of parotid and submaxillary gland showed damage varied with dose, 1200 rads resulted in very mild injury while 4800 rads caused most extensive injury. 2. The acinar cells of parotid and submandibular gland showed similar ultrastructural alterations, appeared as pleomorphic nucleus, decreased numbers and pleomorphism of secretory granules, distention of rough endplasmic reticulum, expansion and pallor appearance of mitochondria, and hypertrophy of Golgi complex. 3. Parotid serous cells were the most sensitive components, displaying morphological alterations of radiation damage as early as 3 hours, followed by submandibular seromucinous cells and secretory tubular cells. 4. The mucous cells of sublingual gland, as well as the whole ductal lining cells of each salivary gland, displayed no significant alterations. No evidence of microvascular injury through whole experimental groups indicated that microvascular impairment does not contribute to early salivary gland injury.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 2009

Recently, herbal drugs haver been used world wide. and generally regarded as safe with no serious adverse reaction. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of frequent cause of liver diseases. If DILI is not treated, it can be developed into liver cirrhosis, hepatoma, etc. Currently, DILI has been reported to be common cause of acute hepatitis, and oriental medicine and folk remedy are not exception. We encountered one case of DILI, cause by folk remedy. Patients complained chest discomfort, yellow skin and urine, nausea, vomiting. Lab test showed elevated level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (r-GTP), total bilirubin (TB). We estimated acute DILI and stopped taking folk medication made by himself. After 1 week of treatment, the clinical symptoms and liver function improved. Genetic and environmental factors as well as drug itself decide the hepatic toxicity, and the major DILI are belonged in acute type. So we need to get more attention to folk medication to help preventing the DILI cause by folk remedy.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.567-572
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• 2005

An electrical burn used to result in the damage of the skin and underlying deep soft tissue injury. Thus, in order to preserve devitalizing tissues and promote the structural survival free flaps with ample blood supply are frequently employed. However, early unpredictable vascular injury and progressive tissue necrosis may cause the free flaps full of hazards. We applied 50 free flaps upon 41 acute electrical burn cases between 1998 and 2004. Injured areas, timing of operation and causes of flap loss were studied. The victim's ages ranged from 13 to 60 years. (an average 37.8 years) Thirteen out of 50 free flaps were lost totally: three cases were due to arterial insufficiency and ten venous congestion. Total loss of flaps were observed in 5 of 12 cases in the postoperative 3 weeks, 6 of 20 cases between 3 and 6 weeks and 2 of 18 cases after 6 weeks. In three of 12 cases the free flap was lost partially in the postoperative 3 weeks, 4 of 20 cases between 3 and 6 weeks and 1 of 18 cases after 6 weeks. The result was statistically significant by a T-test (p<0.05). This study showed that timing of the operation is accountable for the loss of free flap. It is most important to conduct the free flap procedure on an electrical injury at the time when the recipient vessel is definitely discernible and intact so as to minimize the loss of flap and spare the structures.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.127-130
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• 2009

Purpose: In an amputated auricle, a microvascular anastomosis is the best treatment of choice. But, the neartotally amputated auricle which is connected by very narrow tissue pedicle to the head, can survive by simple attachment without a microvascular anastomosis owing to the rich vascular network through the superficial temporal artery and posterior auricular artery. In cases of venous congestion resulting from a lack of vein anastomosis, medical leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) can solve the problem. We are reporting the case of a 6-year-old boy who had a neartotally amputated auricle with successful results by simple closure and medical leech treatment without a microvascular anastomosis. Methods: A 6-year-old male patient had an left auricular injury by an escalator accident. The left auricle was neartotally amputated from the temporal head with connection only by very narrow skin and subcutaneous pedicle (about 1 cm in width) at the helical root of upper and anterior part of auricle. Marginal bleeding from the avulsed auricle was noted and the arterial blood was supplied from a branch of upper auricular branch of the superficial temporal artery. The auricle was repaired by simple closure including cartilage and skin without any vascular anastomosis. After simple closure, the auricle showed good circulation with pink color. But on the 2nd day after the operation, there was a venous congestion with severe swelling, which resulted in a purplish colored auricle. The venous congestion disappeared after using medical leeches by the 5th day after the operation. Results: The repaired auricle showed aesthetically and functionally satisfactory result with normal development at the 9 months follow-up check after the operation. Conclusion: In cases of neartotally amputated auricles of children or crushing injury in which microsurgery is difficult, we can try simple closure with the use of medical leeches in treating a of venous congestion for a successful result.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.199-201
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• 2010

Purpose: Except for continuous suture in skin layer, stitching out in facial laceration, we have to hold each knots up and cut the knots by No. 11 blade or small scissors. However, we often have difficulty in stitching out the knots on children who do not cooperate well. Therefore we introduce an easy and fast stitch out method of pediatric lacerations. Methods: From January to May 2009, we studied 15 pediatric patients (mean age 5.6 years old) who had facial laceration on face or underwent any surgery on operation room. For easy stitch out, we left the one string of the first knot long enough to extend at the opposite end of laceration site. And then the extended string was fixed to skin using Steri-strip. Next we do simple interrupted suture including the extended traction nylon string inside the knot. Through this method, we can stitch out all knots simply by lifting up the traction nylon needless to hold the each knot one by one. Results: Until stitching out, the traction nylon was just right position and there was no normal tissue injury during stitch out all knots. Patients were satisfied with the short stitch out time. Conclusion: By using the traction nylon on pediatric laceration suture, we can stitch out all the knots with no normal tissue injury in less time.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2015

Background The eyelid and canthal areas are common locations for cutaneous tumors. The medial canthus includes, among many other apparatuses, the canthal tendon and lacrimal canaliculi, and its characteristic thin and supple skin is hard to mimic and restore using tissue from other regions. Accordingly, reconstruction of the canthal area can prove challenging for surgeons. Although various methods, such as skin grafts and local flaps from adjacent regions, have been utilized for reconstructive purposes, they present known disadvantages. However, we were able to successfully reconstruct both lateral and medial canthal area defects by using orbicularis oculi myocutaneous island flaps. Methods Our study included seven patients who underwent medial or lateral canthal region reconstruction, using orbicularis oculi myocutaneous island flaps, between 2011 and 2014, following either cutaneous tumor excision or traumatic avulsion injury. Results Five patients had basal cell carcinoma, one had squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid, and one had sustained a traumatic avulsion injury of the eyelid and canthal area. Entire flap loss was not observed in any patient, but one-a heavy smoker-showed partial flap loss, which healed with secondary intention and yielded acceptable results. Donor site morbidity was not observed, and all patients were satisfied with their surgical outcomes. Conclusions The canthal regions can be successfully reconstructed with orbicularis oculi myocutaneous island flaps. These flaps offer several key advantages, including similarity in texture, color, and thickness to the recipient site and a negligible incidence of donor site morbidity.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.803-805
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• 2009

Purpose: Many conditions can mimic the presentation of burns. Herpes zoster is one of them. The characteristic features of herpes zoster such as vesicles, pustular lesions and crusts can also be found in burns. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus is a disease caused by recurrent infection of varicella - zoster virus in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. This virus frequently affects nasociliary branch and serious ocular complications can occur. Thus, early diagnosis and proper treatment of this disease is important to prevent further ocular manifestations. We report a man who sustained minor facial burn injury that was complicated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Methods: A 66 - year - old man visited emergency room with multiple whitish vesicles with serous discharge on right forehead, right medial canthal area and nose. At first he was thought to have a secondary infection of facial burn injury. The vesicles on his face began to form crusts on the next day. Since his skin lesion was located on the ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, we also suspected herpes zoster ophthalmicus. He was referred to dermatologist and ophthalmologist. Results: We used antiviral agent (Acyclovir) and NSAIDs for treatment. The patient had no ocular complications. His skin lesion was almost healed after 1 month and remained scars. We treated a patient with minor facial burn complicated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus with antiviral agent. Conclusion: In this work, we describe a case of old patient with herpetic infection and emphasize the need for careful examination to diagnose accurately.