• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.46.1-46.12
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• 2023

Background: Heartworm infection in dogs is caused by Dirofilaria immitis and common in shelter animals and outdoors dogs. Caval syndrome can develop with severe infection and physical heartworm removal is essential with heartworm burdens. In this study, we used an improved transvenous heartworm extraction brush, which was expected to cause less cardiovascular damage and allow easier manipulation. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate efficacy of this improved transvenous heartworm extraction brush. Methods: The brush was designed to improve upon the limitations of the previous brush-type devices. The brush was made of a polyvinyl chloride tube and threads of polyamides or polyglyconates. Metal material was inserted at the front tip for easy visualization under fluoroscopy. The eight dogs diagnosed with caval syndrome with large numbers of heartworms and pulmonary hypertension were used in this study. The removal procedure began with the dissection of the subcutaneous tissue around the right jugular vein. The device was inserted through the jugular vein. After insertion, the tube was rotated to catch the heartworms and extracted with the heartworms hanging on the threads. The procedure was repeated several times. Lastly, jugular vein and skin sutures were made. Adulticidal therapy was administered after heartworm removal. Results: The mean number of removed heartworms was 10.5 ± 4.24 and mean number of remaining heartworms was 0.63 ± 1.06. Total procedure time was 72.63 ± 51.36. Except for three cases, heartworms were not detected on ultrasonography after the procedure. No procedure-related side effects were observed within the 1- to 2-mon. Conclusions: An improved transvenous heartworm extraction brush is efficient for heartworm removal in dogs with caval syndrome.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2023

Objectives The aim of this study was to identify the effect of Baekho-tang extract on epidermal barrier recovery and inflammation relief in atopic dermatitis-induced mice through Endocanabinoid system (ECS) regulation. Methods In this study, we used 4-week-old NC/Nga mice were divided into 4 group: lipid barrier elimination group (LBEG), palmitoylethanolamide treated group after lipid barrier elimination (PEAT), Baekho-tang extract treatment group after lipid barrier elimination (BHTT) and control group (Ctrl). Each group was assigned 10 animals. We identified that cannabinoid receptor (CB) 1, CB2, CD (Cluster of Differentiation) 68, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), substance P and Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) through our immunohistochemistry. Results We discovered that when compared to PEAT, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative stress in the epidermal barrier, and CB1 and CB2, markers of ECS modulation, were less activated in BHTT. These results led to an anti-inflammatory response in BHTT, with a significant decrease in several inflammatory mediators such as CD 68, iNOS, substance P and MMP-9 compared to PEAT and LBEG. Conclusions These results suggest that the Baekho-tang extract can reduce the inflammation of atopic dermatitis by restoring the structural damage of the skin lipid barrier through ECS modulation.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.20.1-20.9
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• 2022

Despite the high prevalence of chronic dermatitis and the accompanied intractable itch, therapeutics that specifically target itching have low efficacy. Increasing evidence suggests that TLRs contribute to immune activation and neural sensitization; however, their roles in chronic itch remain elusive. Here, we show that the RBL-2H3 mast cell line expresses TLR4 and that treatment with a TLR4 antagonist opposes the LPS dependent increase in mRNA levels of Th2 and innate cytokines. The pathological role of TLR4 activation in itching was studied in neonate rats that developed chronic itch due to neuronal damage after receiving subcutaneous capsaicin injections. Treatment with a TLR4 antagonist protected these rats with chronic itch against scratching behavior and chronic dermatitis. TLR4 antagonist treatment also restored the density of cutaneous nerve fibers and inhibited the histopathological changes that are associated with mast cell activation after capsaicin injection. Additionally, the expression of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 mRNA in the lesional skin decreased after TLR4 antagonist treatment. Based on these data, we propose that inhibiting TLR4 alleviated itch in a rat model of chronic relapsing itch, and the reduction in the itch was associated with TLR4 signaling in mast cells and nerve fibers.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.454-464
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• 2018

식품 원료로도 널리 애용되는 검은콩은 풍부한 천연 페놀 화합물을 함유하고 있기 때문에 기능성 소재로서의 개발에도 매우 유용한 자원이다. 본 연구에서는 3가지 검은콩 품종[소청자(SCJ), 소청2호(SC2) 및 청자2호(CJ2)]을 대상으로 TPCs과 항산화 능을 조사하였다. 그 중에서도 TPCs는 CJ2 $H_2O_2$ 처리에 의한 HaCaT 세포의 생존력 감소를 현저히 억제하여 산화적 스트레스에 대한 보호 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. SCJ와 SC2 전처리는 또한 HaCaT 세포에서 mitochondrial dysfunction의 차단과 pro-apoptotic Bax의 발현 변화의 정상화를 통해 $H_2O_2$에 의하여 유도된 apoptosis를 효과적으로 억제하였으며, DNA 손상에 대한 보호 효과와 연관성이 있었다. 또한 SCJ와 SC2는 Nrf2와 연관된 TrxR1의 발현을 효과적으로 유도하였으나, 산화적 스트레스에 대한 SCJ와 SC2의 보호 효과는 TrxR 억제제에 의하여 상쇄되었다. 이러한 결과는 SCJ와 SC2가 Nrf2 신호전달 경로 활성을 통하여 산화적 스트레스와 관련된 세포 손상을 차단함으로써 세포 보호 활성을 갖는다는 것을 의미한다. 결론적으로, SCJ와 SC2는 산화스트레스로 인한 피부 질환의 치료와 예방을 위한 응용 가능성이 높음을 보여주었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1615-1634
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• 2004

A review was undertaken to obtain information on the sustainability of pig free-range production systems including the management, performance and health of pigs in the system. Modern outdoor rearing systems requires simple portable and flexible housing with low cost fencing. Local pig breeds and outdoor-adapted breeds for certain environment are generally more suitable for free-range systems. Free-range farms should be located in a low rainfall area and paddocks should be relatively flat, with light topsoil overlying free-draining subsoil with the absence of sharp stones that can cause foot damage. Huts or shelters are crucial for protecting pigs from direct sun burn and heat stress, especially when shade from trees and other facilities is not available. Pigs commonly graze on strip pastures and are rotated between paddocks. The zones of thermal comfort for the sow and piglet differ markedly; between 12-22$^{\circ}C$ for the sow and 30-37$^{\circ}C$ for piglets. Offering wallows for free-range pigs meets their behavioural requirements, and also overcomes the effects of high ambient temperatures on feed intake. Pigs can increase their evaporative heat loss via an increase in the proportion of wet skin by using a wallow, or through water drips and spray. Mud from wallows can also coat the skin of pigs, preventing sunburn. Under grazing conditions, it is difficult to control the fibre intake of pigs although a high energy, low fibre diet can be used. In some countries outdoor sows are fitted with nose rings to prevent them from uprooting the grass. This reduces nutrient leaching of the land due to less rooting. In general, free-range pigs have a higher mortality compared to intensively housed pigs. Many factors can contribute to the death of the piglet including crushing, disease, heat stress and poor nutrition. With successful management, free-range pigs can have similar production to door pigs, although the growth rate of the litters is affected by season. Piglets grow quicker indoors during the cold season compared to outdoor systems. Pigs reared outdoors show calmer behaviour. Aggressive interactions during feeding are lower compared to indoor pigs while outdoor sows are more active than indoor sows. Outdoor pigs have a higher parasite burden, which increases the nutrient requirement for maintenance and reduces their feed utilization efficiency. Parasite infections in free-range pigs also risks the image of free-range pork as a clean and safe product. Diseases can be controlled to a certain degree by grazing management. Frequent rotation is required although most farmers are keeping their pigs for a longer period before rotating. The concept of using pasture species to minimise nematode infections in grazing pigs looks promising. Plants that can be grown locally and used as part of the normal feeding regime are most likely to be acceptable to farmers, particularly organic farmers. However, one of the key concerns from the public for free-range pig production system is the impact on the environment. In the past, the pigs were held in the same paddock at a high stocking rate, which resulted in damage to the vegetation, nutrient loading in the soil, nitrate leaching and gas emission. To avoid this, outdoor pigs should be integrated in the cropping pasture system, the stock should be mobile and stocking rate related to the amount of feed given to the animals.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.120-129
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• 2020

본 연구는 '후지/M.9'와 '홍로/M.9'가 재식된 사과원에 바람이나 우박을 막기 위해 사용되는 망(구멍크기 : 2×2mm)을 수관상부에 색상별로 백색과 청색을 나누어 설치한 후 햇빛의 차광정도 및 생육환경 차이 등에 따른 과실품질 변화를 조사하였다. '후지' 사과의 경우 대기온도 34.8℃인 오후 2~3시경의 과실표면 온도를 측정한 결과, 무처리는 40.0℃로 가장 높았고, 청색 방풍망과 백색 방풍망 처리구는 각각 34.9℃, 36.6℃로 크게 낮았다. '홍로'에서는 무처리구가 44.2℃일 때, 청색 방풍망 처리구는 38.3℃, 백색 방풍망 처리구는 38.5℃를 기록하여 '후지'와 마찬가지로 온도 경감효과를 보였다. '후지'의 과피색차를 조사한 결과, 과피적색도(a^⁎)는 무처리구가 16.5, 청색 방풍망 처리구는 18.0였으나, 백색 방풍망 처리구는 19.3으로 가장 높은 값을 보였다. '홍로'에서도 백색 방풍망 처리구가 적색도가 34.9로 무처리구 28.1에 비해 유의하게 높은 적색도 발현을 보였다. 일소피해 조사결과, '후지'에서 청색 방풍망 처리구 3.8%, 백색 방풍망 처리구 4.2%로 무처리구 9.4%에 비하여 크게 경감되었고, '홍로'의 경우는 청색 방풍망 처리구는 8.8%, 백색 방풍망 처리구는 12.4%로 무처리구 28.8%에 비하여 일소발생이 현저히 감소하였다. 이 같은 결과는 처리별 자외선 수치를 측정하였을 때 무처리 구간의 자외선 값에 비해 청색 방풍망 처리구에서 유의하게 낮아 방풍망 처리에 의한 자외선 차단 효과에 의한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.126-133
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• 2019

사과 표면의 온도 측정 결과, '후지' 품종에서 무처리구가 $44^{\circ}C$로 가장 높게 나왔으며, 미세살수 처리구가 $35^{\circ}C$로 가장 낮아 사과의 표면온도를 직접적으로 낮추는데 가장 효과적이었고, '홍로' 품종에서는 방풍망 처리구가 무처리구에 비해 약 $9^{\circ}C$의 온도하강 효과를 나타내었다. 조도 및 광량은 방풍망 처리구가 $53.26^3lx$로 무처리구의 $90.28^3lx$에 비하여 유의하게 낮은 결과를 보였다. 그리고 오후 시간의 햇볕은 파장이 긴 적색광으로 과실의 품온이 증가하고 광합성량이 증가되는 반면 과실의 호흡량이 증가하여 색소 발현 및 저장양분의 축적에 저해요인으로 작용하는 것으로 판단되었다. 또한, 방풍망을 이용한 차광으로 빛의 강도와 온도를 인위적으로 낮추어 광포화점이 발생하지 않는 정도에서 충분한 채광시간과 효율적인 광합성작용을 유도 하는 것이 과실품질을 향상시킬 수 있는 방법으로 판단되었다. '후지'와 '홍로'의 최대양자수율 Fv/Fm 값이 다른 처리들보다 무처리구에서 0.74로 가장 낮은 것으로 조사되었는데 이는 미세살수, 방풍망 처리구가 무처리구에 비해 높은 광합성 효율을 나타내고 있음을 시사하였다. '후지'의 일소피해 조사결과 미세살수 처리구는 5%, 방풍망 처리구는 7%로 무처리구에 비하여 일소발생이 약 15% 경감되었고 '홍로'의 경우는 미세살수 처리구는 22%, 방풍망 처리구는 25%로 무처리구에 비하여 일소발생이 약 7% 감소하였다. '홍로'의 일소피해 발생이 '후지'에 비해서 높았던 이유는 '홍로'가 '후지'보다 비대 속도가 빠르며 광을 받는 과실 표면의 면적이 상대적으로 컸기 때문으로 판단되었다. 착색지수 중 적색도($a^*$)의 경우 '후지' 품종에서 무처리구에 비하여 미세살수와 방풍망 처리구가 각각 26% 및 34%로 착색향상을 개선할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 사과 주요 품종에 대한 미세살수 및 방풍망 처리는 추후 기후변화로 인인 사과생육기 고온증상으로 발생할 수 있는 과실일소 및 착색불량 등 과실품질저해요인을 저감할 수 있는 현장적용이 가능한 기술로 판단되었고, 또한 이로 인한 상품성 증가로 농가 소득증대에 기여할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.27-43
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• 1970

This study is designed to find out proper nursing activities for the needs of the colostomy patients, i.e., mental and psychological as well as physical needs for rapid recovery, and to help them build up the follow-up care for proper social adjustment. The study is based on 268 cases out of 381 colostomy patient's records kept in Ewha Womans University Hospital, Yonsei Medical Center, and National Medical Center in between the period from Jan. 1953 to Jan. 1970. The items of study are mainly on etiology, sex, age, duration of hospitalization, mortality rate, seasonal frequency, time from the onset of illness to the admission of the hospital, signs and symptoms. 1. Frequency of onset by etiology: Neoplastic disease 112 cases (42%), Inflammatory disease 33 cases (12%), Congenital malformation 30 cases (11%), Intussusception 25 cases (9.3%), Trauma 24 cases (9%), Volvulus 17 cases (6.3%), and Crohn's disease 6 cases (2.2%). 2. By sex: male 167 cases (62.9%), and female 101 cases (37.1%). So the ratio of portion of male and female 2:1. 3. By age: under 1·year·old 27 cases (10.1%) highest, 41-50 yrs 54 cases (20.2%), 51-60 yrs 42 cases (15.5%), above 71 yrs 5 cases (1.9%). 4. Duration of hospitalization: the shortest is 2-days and the longest is 470 days. 1-20-days 52%, 40-60 days 14%. 5. Mortality rate: Under the 10-days-admission 19.5%, and the beyond 30-days-admission 3.9%. 6. Seasonal frequency: Higher in summer (32% ). 7. Signs and symptoms: abdominal pain (56%), abdominal distention (54%), vomiting (40%), bloody mucoid diarrhea (38%) , pain of anal region (18%), abdominal tenderness, anorexia, indigestion, constipation, disuria, tenesmus, high fever and chilling sensation, bile tingled vomiting. Nursing activities for the patient's physical needs are as follows: Skin care for colostomy region, Prevention of colostomy constriction and depression, Removal of an offensive odor, The use of colostomy bag-selection for, and demonstration of the use of inexpensive colostomy irrigation equipment, Personal hygiene, general skin care, care of hair, finger nails and toe-nails, Oral hygiene, sleep and rest, aquate, Daily activities, etc. Measures for regulation of bowl movement. Keeping the instruction of taking food, Preparing the meal and help for anorexia, Constipation and it's solution, Prevention of diarrhea, helping the removal of mucous, and stretch constricted steam as needed. Nursing activities for pt's socio-psychological needs are as follows; Help the patient to make decision for the operation, Remove pt's anxiety toward operation and anesthesia, To meet the pt's spiritual needs at his death bed, Help to establish family and friends cooperation, Help to reduce anxiety at the time of admission and it's solution, Help to meet religious need, Help to remove pt's anxiety for loosing his job and family maintenance, Follow-up studies for 7 cases have been done to implement the present thesis. The items of the personal interviews with the patients are as follows: Acceptability for artificial anus, The most anxious thing they had in mind at the time of discharge, The most anxious thing they hat·e in mind at present, Their friends and family's attitudes toward the patient after operation, Relations with other colostomy patients, Emotional damage from the operation, Physical problem of enema, irrigation, Control of diet, Skin care, Control of offensive odor, Patient's suggestions to nurses during hospital stay and after discharge. In conclusion, the follow-up care for colostomy patients shares equal weight or perhaps more than the post-operative care. The follow-up care should include the spiritual care for moral support of the patient, to drag him out of isolation and estrangement, and make him fully participate in social activities. It is suggested that the following measures would help to rehabilitate the colostomy patients (1) mutual acquaintance with other colostomy patients if possible form a sort of club for the colostomy patient to exchange their experiences in care (2) through the team work of doctor, nurse and rehabilitation specialists, to have a sort of concerted effort for betterment of the patient.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.24-34
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• 1996

There are many kinds of free flaps for management of extensive soft tissue defect of extremities in orthopaedic field. Free vascularized scapular flap is one of the most useful and relatively easy to application. This flap has been utilize clinically from early eighties by many microsurgical pioneers. Authors performed 102 cases of this flap from 1984 to 1995. We have to consider about the surgical anatomy of the flap, technique of the donor harvesting procedures, vascular varieties and anatomical abnormalities and success rate and the weak points of the procedure. This flap nourished by cutaneous branches from circumflex scapular vessels emerges from the lateral aspect of the subscapular artery 2.5-5cm from its lateral origin passing through the triangular space(bounded by subscapularis, teres minor, teres major, long head of triceps). The terminal cutaneous branch runs posteriorly around the lateral border of the scapular and divided into two major branches, those transeverse horizontally and obliquely to the fascial plane of overlying skin of the scapular body. We can utilize these arteries for scapular and parascapular flap. The vascular pedicle ranged from 5 to 10 cm long depends on the dissection, usually two venae comitantes accompanied circumflex scapular artery and its major branches. The diameter of the circumflex scapular artery is more than 1mm in adult, rare vascular variation. Surgical techniques : The scapular flap can be dissected conveniently with prone or lateral decubitus position, prone position is more easier in my experience. There are two kinds of surgical approaches, most of the surgeon prefer elevation of the flap from its outer border towards its base which known easier and quicker, but I prefer elevation of the flap from its outer border because of the lowering the possibilities of damage to vasculature in the flap itself which runs just underneath the subcutaneous tissue of the flap and provide more quicker elevation of the flap with blunt finger dissection after secure pedicle dissection and confirmed the course from the base of the pedicle. There are minimal donor site morbidity with direct skin closure if the flap size is not so larger than 10cm width. This flap has versatility in the design of the flap shape and size, if we need more longer and larger one, we can use parascapular flap or both. Even more, the flap can be used with latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap and serratus anterior flap which have common vascular pedicle from subscapular artery, some instance can combined with osteocutaneous flap if we include the lateral border of the scapular bone or parts of the ribs with serratus anterior. The most important shortcoming of the scapular free flap is non sensating, there are no reasonable sensory nerves to the flap to anastomose with recipient site nerve. Results : Among our 102 cases, overall success rate was 89%, most of the causes of the failure was recipient site vascular problems such as damaged recipient arterial conditions, and there were two cases of vascular anomalies in our series. Patients ages from 3 years old to 62 years old. Six cases of combined flap with latissimus dorsi, 4 cases of osteocutaneous flap for bone reconstruction, 62 parascapular flap was performed - we prefer parascapular flap to scapular. Statistical analysis of the size of the flap has less meaningful because of the flap has great versatility in size. In the length of the pedicle depends on the recipient site condition, we can adjust the pedicle length. The longest vascular pedicle was 14 cm in length from the axillary artery to the enter point cutaneous tissue. In conclusion, scapular free flap is one of the most useful modalities to manage the large intractable soft tissue defect. It has almost constant vascular pedicle with rare anatomical variation, easy to dissect great versatility in size and shape, low donor morbidity, thin and hairless skin.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.135-143
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• 2016

두릅순에서 얻은 70% 에탄올 추출물의 in vitro 항산화 효과를 측정하고, UVB에 의한 피부광노화를 유도하는 주요 원인인 ROS의 생성을 억제하는 효과가 있는지 알아보기 위하여 인간유래각질세포 (HaCaT)를 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 두릅순의 총 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 20.15 mg tannic acid/g dry wt, 18.75 mg rutin/g dry wt 이었고, 70% 에탄올 추출물의 DPPH 라디칼을 소거능 ($IC_{50}$)은 $98.5{\mu}g\;AA\;eq./mL$이었으며, $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 ABTS 라디칼 소거능과 환원력 (FRAP)은 각각 $41.8{\mu}g\;ascorbic\;acid\;(AA)\;eq./mL$과 $29.7{\mu}g\;AA\;eq./mL$로 우수한 항산화효과를 보였다. 두릅순 추출물을 HaCaT 세포에 24시간 전처리했을 때 UVB 조사에 의한 ROS 생성이 유의하게 감소되었으며, 산화적 스트레스에 민감하게 반응하는 전사인자인 Nrf-2와 각질세포에서 ROS를 제거하는 역할을 하는 주요 항산화효소인 SOD-1의 단백질 수준의 발현은 증가한 반면, UVB 조사에 의하여 증가하였던 HO-1의 단백질 발현은 감소되었다. 그러나, catalase의 단백질 발현에는 영향을 주지 못하였다. 본 연구결과는 두릅순 70% 에탄올 추출물에 함유된 항산화효능이 우수한 어떤 페놀화합물들이 UVB 조사로 인하여 생성된 ROS를 직접적으로 제거할 뿐 아니라 각질세포에 존재하는 방어시스템의 활성화를 통하여 산화적 스트레스로 인한 악영향을 막아줄 가능성을 제시하고 있다. 따라서, 두릅순 70% 에탄올 추출물은 UVB에 의한 피부손상 및 피부광노화를 억제하는 기능성식품 및 화장품 소재로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.