• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.70-73
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• 2014

Objectives: Yamen is the fifteenth acupoint of the Governor Vessel Meridian (GV15). It is anatomically close to the medulla oblongata, so finding the safety depth of the acupoint is very important. However, few studies on the safety depth of GV15 have been done. Methods: This study tried to measure the safety depth of GV15 by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and to analyze the factors affecting the safety depth through multiple regression analyses. This study was carried out for patients who had a brain MRI scan while visiting Jeonju Wonkwang Hospital, Korea. The shortest distance between the glabella and the occipital protuberance (DGO), the horizontal distance between the glabella and the back of the head (DGB) and the dangerous depth (DD) were measured from the sagittal views of the MRI images. The DD is the horizontal distance from the skin's surface at GV15 to the spinal dura mater. Results: The model suggested that the safety depth (SD) was significantly associated with gender (${\beta}$ = 0.474, P < 0.0001), DGO (${\beta}$ = 0.272, P = 0.027), and BMI (${\beta}$ = 0.249, P = 0.005) and the combination of three variables can explain the SD, with $R^2$ = 0.571 (Table 3). A longer SD was associated with males and with greater BMI and DGO. Conclusion: This study suggests that gender, BMI and DGO may be important factors when the SD of GV15 is considered clinically through a multiple regression analysis of GV15.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2005

Quantitative analysis for distribution of penetrating ultrasound in vivo is very important to determine the treatment region and method. In this paper, we constructed a simplified 2-D femoral region model that consists of skin-fat-muscle-bone layered system, and simulated the pressure distribution in the model in case of applying ultrasound using Finite Element Method(FEM). The ultrasound used in the simulation was assumed to be pulse wave and the pressure distribution was analyzed during only one period of pulse wave. In order to find the penetration depth, amplitude of pressure and sphere that ultrasound reaches in the model, we performed the simulation with varying the applied frequency, transducer size and amplitude of transducer's output. The result showed that applied frequency is inversely proportional to the penetration depth and amplitude of pressure but the amplitude of transducer's output is proportional to the amplitude of pressure in the model. Also, the sphere that ultrasound reaches was widened and the amplitude of pressure became larger as the transducer size became larger. This results were similar to that obtained from the previous model consisting of fat-muscle-bone layered system, but we observed that the pressure of ultrasound is decreased due to the decrements of pressure by the absorption coefficient of skin and the interference that depends on the reflection of ultrasound caused by the difference of acoustic impedance of skin and fat. Finally, we can infer that the model proposed in this study is closer to the realistic model than the previous ones. It shows that the results obtained from this study can be useful in designing the ultrasound treatment instrument or in setting up the treatment plan.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.237-243
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• 2020

Background: The scalp is an important functional and aesthetic structure that protects the cranial bone. Due to its inelastic characteristics, soft-tissue defects of the scalp make reconstruction surgery difficult. This study aims to provide an improved scalp reconstruction decision making algorithm for surgeons. Methods: This study examined patients who underwent scalp reconstruction within the last 10 years. The study evaluated several factors that surgeons use to select a given reconstruction method such as etiology, defect location, size, depth, and complications. An algorithmic approach was then suggested based on an analysis of these factors. Results: Ninety-four patients were selected in total and 98 cases, including revision surgery, were performed for scalp reconstruction. Scalp reconstruction was performed by primary closure (36.73%), skin graft (27.55%), local flap (17.34%), pedicled regional flap (15.30%), and free flap (3.06%). The ratio of primary closure to more complex procedure on loose scalps (51.11%) was significantly higher than on tight scalps (24.52%) (p=0.011). The choice of scalp reconstruction method was affected significantly by the defect size (R=0.479, p<0.001) and depth (p<0.001). There were five major complications which were three cases of flap necrosis and two cases of skin necrosis. Hematoma was the most common of the 29 minor complications reported, followed by skin necrosis. Conclusion: There are multiple factors affecting the choice of scalp reconstruction method. We suggest an algorithm based on 10 years of experience that will help surgeons establish successful surgical management for their patients.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was aimed to report the anti-wrinkle effects of cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture. Methods : Data were collected from 23 patients who had been treated with cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture for skin wrinkles. Patients were treated twice a week, for a total of 5 times. To observe the effect of the treatment, we measured the width and depth of skin wrinkles with ECOSKIN(portable fluorescent dermal diagnostic equipment). We also conducted a survey with patients to measure total satisfaction and the anti-wrinkle effect using a semantic differential scale. The evaluation was done 2 times, once before the first treatment and once 1 week after the last treatment. The relationship was measured by Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results : Skin wrinkle mean width decreased significantly from $9.45{\pm}6.60$ to $5.54{\pm}4.78$. Depth decreased significantly from $0.68{\pm}0.34$ to $0.39{\pm}0.24$ total satisfaction increased significantly from $2.46{\pm}0.743$ to $4.13{\pm}0.51$. Anti-wrinkle effect increased significantly from $2.46{\pm}0.63$ to $3.93{\pm}0.593$. Conclusions : These results suggest that cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture may be effective for decreasing wrinkles.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.379-384
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to determine output power for skin incision in 0.3 mm spot diameter $CO_2$ laser by measuring (1) the wound depth, (2) initial dermal tissue damage, (3) degree of wound healing at different power (4W, 5W and 6W) in beagle dogs. Three healthy 2-year-old beagle dogs were used. Four 2 cm straight skin incisions were made with 0.3 mm spot diameter $CO_2$ laser on the each dog's both side of dorsal midline in three beagle dogs. The skin incisions were performed for $10{\sim}15$ seconds for same dosage. And then each wound was closed with surgical stapler. At 0, 3, 7 and 14 days after initial wounding, each wound was taken for histological observation. On macroscopic and microscopic observation, initial incisional wound did not show difference in three group. And also re-epithelialization, dermal tissue damage and inflammatory response did not show significant difference among groups. This study reveals that 4W, 5W and 6W may be suitable output power in 0.3 mm spot diameter $CO_2$ laser for the skin incision in beagle dogs.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2014

In this study, for 6-20 MeV electron beam energy occurring in a linear accelerator, the authors attempted to investigate the relation between the effective source-skin distance and the relation between the radiation field and the effective source-skin distance. The equipment used included a 6-20 MeV electron beam from a linear accelerator, and the distance was measured by a ionization chamber targeting the solid phantom. The measurement method for the effective source-skin distance according to the size of the radiation field changes the source-skin distance (100, 105, 110, 115 cm) for the electron beam energy (6, 9, 12, 16, 20 MeV). The effective source-skin distance was measured using the method proposed by Faiz Khan, measuring the dose according to each radiation field ($6{\times}6$, $10{\times}10$, $15{\times}150$, $20{\times}20cm^2$) at the maximum dose depth (1.3, 2.05, 2.7, 2.45, 1.8 cm, respectively) of each energy. In addition, the effective source-skin distance when cut-out blocks ($6{\times}6$, $10{\times}10$, $15{\times}15cm^2$) were used and the effective source-skin distance when they were not used, was measured and compared. The research results showed that the effective source-skin distance was increased according to the increase of the radiation field at the same amount of energy. In addition, the minimum distance was 60.4 cm when the 6 MeV electron beams were used with $6{\times}6$ cut-out blocks and the maximum distance was 87.2 cm when the 6 MeV electron beams were used with $20{\times}20$ cut-out blocks; thus, the largest difference between both of these was 26.8 cm. When comparing the before and after the using the $6{\times}6$ cut-out block, the difference between both was 8.2 cm in 6 MeV electron beam energy and was 2.1 cm in 20 MeV. Thus, the results showed that the difference was reduced according to an increase in the energy. In addition, in the comparative experiments performed by changing the size of the cut-out block at 6 MeV, the results showed that the source-skin distance was 8.2 cm when the size of the cut-out block was $6{\times}6$, 2.5 cm when the size of the cut-out block was $10{\times}10$, and 21.4 cm when the size of the cut-out block $15{\times}15$. In conclusion, it is recommended that the actual measurement is used for each energy and radiation field in the clinical dose measurement and for the measurement of the effective source-skin distance using cut-out blocks.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2014

Purpose Find out about the significance of the GFR values calculated by the kidney depth is measured by comparing the values obtained for kidney depth was measured GFR in the CT image kidney depth and is calculated by Tonnesen law in $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA dynamic kidney scan with each applies. Materials and Methods Among patients with normal value (75~120 mL/min) computed GFR conducted of dynamic renal scan to visit from February 2013 to February 2014 and donor GFR values in patients with normal value. The mean age was 46.9 years with 14 men 13 females. We used abdomen CT image which checked before conducting dynamic Kidney scan for measuring the depth of kidney. We only used CT image that contains renal hilum and measured outermost front of the kidney from the skin surface (a) and the final surface (b) caculated the average depth of [(a + b) / 2] respectively. Using the same ROI in order to limit the change in GFR values by the other additional element was set before and after the depth value was excluded from the GFR falls kidney disease. Results Using Tonnesen law the average value was caculated 5.94 cm from the right kidney 5.90 cm from the left kidney. It was 6.83 cm, 8.71 cm in the left kidney and the right kidney average value of the depth measured on the basis of the CT image. The respective increase in left kidney 0.93 cm and right kidney 2.77 cm calculated on the basis of CT image actually measured values. GFR was calculated as the average depth of the subject calculated by the method Tonnesen $83.3{\pm}9.79mL/min$. $98.6{\pm}14.07mL/min$ GFR was applied to calculate the average depth of the subjects using the CT image, is the difference appears 15.26 mL/min was increased after seting up depth value, P value was less than 0.01 which is significant. Conclusion The difference between GFR before-after setting up depth value cause that the different of depth value. Is a measured depth of the extension value of the calculated estimates Whereas Tonnesen kidney depth method is to use in calculating the value of GFR in a typical dynamic elongation test depth derived using the CT image depth. Is thought to be able to calculate more accurately the GFR value by the distance to the center of kidney more accurately measured in the skin thereby.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.393-400
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• 2013

Hand shape recognition is a fundamental technique for implementing natural human-computer interaction. In this paper, we discuss a method for effectively detecting a hand region in Kinect-based hand shape recognition. Since Kinect is a camera that can capture color images and infrared images (or depth images) together, both images can be exploited for the process of detecting a hand region. That is, a hand region can be detected by finding pixels having skin colors or by finding pixels having a specific depth. Therefore, after analyzing the performance of each, we need a method of properly combining both to clearly extract the silhouette of hand region. This is because the hand shape recognition rate depends on the fineness of detected silhouette. Finally, through comparison of hand shape recognition rates resulted from different hand region detection methods in general environments, we propose a high-performance hand region detection method.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 1992

Increasing frequency of skin cancer, mycosis fungoides, Kaposi's sarcoma etc, it need to treatment dose planning for total skin electron beam (TSEB) therapy. Appropriate treatment planning for TSEB therapy is needed to give homogeneous dose distribution throughout the entire skin surface. The energy of 6 MeV electron from the 18 MeV medical linear accelerator was adapted for superficial total skin electron beam therapy. The energy of the electron beam was reduced to 4.2 MeV by a $0.5\;cm\times90\;cm{\times}180\;cm$ acryl screen placed in a feet front of the patient. Six dual field beam was adapted for total skin irradiation to encompass the entire body surface from head to toe simultaneously. The patients were treated behind the acryl screen plate acted as a beam scatterer and contained a parallel-plate shallow ion chamber for dosimetry and beam monitoring. During treatment, the patient was placed in six different positions due to be homogeneous dose distribution for whole skin around the body. One treatment session delivered 400 cGy to the entire skin surface and patients were treated twice a week for eight consecutive weeks, which is equivalent to TDF value 57. instrumentation and techniques developed in determining the depth dose, dose distribution and bremsstrahlung dose are discussed.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate the needling depth of Hwangmun (BL51) and Jisil (BL52) retrospectively using an L-spine MRI. Methods : We measured the shortest distance from the skin to transversalis fascia at both sides of Hwangmun and Jisil, and analyzed the difference between male and female using a student t-test, and between the left and right sides with a paired t-test. Results : In the case of males, the average depth of left Hwangmun was $48.24{\pm}10.16mm$, and that of right was $47.23{\pm}9.59mm$ ; left Jisil was $56.91{\pm}9.00mm$ and right was $55.74{\pm}8.75mm$. In the case of females, the average depth of left Hwangmun was $42.26{\pm}9.29mm$, and that of right was $41.63{\pm}9.32mm$ ; left Jisil was $49.21{\pm}10.77mm$ and right was $48.41{\pm}11.38mm$. The depth of male insertion was deeper than that of female in Jisil, but there was no significant difference according to gender in Hwangmun. Conclusion : For males, the needling depth of left Hwangmun is 37.21 ~ 68.23 mm and right is 36.91 ~ 70.50 mm, while left Jisil is 42.97 ~ 70.84 mm and right is 43.75 ~ 72.00 mm. For females, the needling depth of left Hwangmun is 26.80 ~ 68.28 mm and right is 25.70 ~ 65.59 mm, while left Jisil is 30.94 ~ 79.06 mm and right is 28.13 ~ 77.27 mm.