• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2009

We examined the purity of six heparin samples by using heparinase, chondroitinase, $^{1}H-NMR$, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. To obtain high molecular weight contaminants from heparin samples, heparinase I - digested samples were subjected to the exhaustive microcon filtration. The filtration process removed heparin-derived di- and oligosaccharides effectively. By combining chondroitinase ABC treatment and strong anion exchange - high performance liquid chromatography, the result showed all six samples contained chondroitin sulfate as a contaminant ranging from 1.3 to 14.9%. Among them, sample S3 showed the highest content of 14.9%, which was further analyzed by chondroitinase AC treatment to confirm chondroitin sulfate B (dermatan sulfate). $^{1}H-NMR$ chemical shifts of N-acetyl groups clearly suggested the existence of chondroitin sulfate B (sample S3) and oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (samples S2 and S4) as contaminants. In addition, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was useful for qualitative detection on the sample's purity. These results suggest that the tools of heparinase I and chondroitinase ABC in combination with NMR spectroscopy would give very useful information for investigation of heparin contaminants such as oversulfated chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate in heparin samples.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.6 s.71
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• pp.955-974
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• 1998

The purpose of the present study was to seek bracket-adhesive combinations which have adequate bond strength with no enamel and bracket fracture. The shear bond strengths were measured, the sites of failure and the enamel damage were investigated and the peripheral sealing and adaptation between enamel surface, bonding adhesive and bracket were evaluated. 240 noncarious human premolars were divided into twenty four groups of ten teeth. Shear bond strengths of each group were determined in an universal testing machine after two days passed and the debonded specimens were inspected to determine the predominant bond failure sites. To evaluate peripheral sealing and adaption between enamel surface, adhesive and bracket, each specimen was cut longitudinally into two halves which included the midsection of the bracket, adhesive and enamel and exmined in scanning electron microscope. Six different types of brackets were bonded to the tooth with four different type of adhesives. Six different types of brackets were Image, Plastic, Crystaline, Fascination, Transcend 2000 and metal bracket and four different adhesives were No-mix, Light-Bond, OrthoLC and Superbond C&B. From this study, it may be concluded that (1) The mean shear bond strength varied from a high of 36.58 Kg (410.07 Kg/$cm^2$) with the Fascination-Light Bond combination group to a low of 8.93 Kg (75.51 Kg/$cm^2$) with theImage-OrthoLC combination group. When using OrthoLC as adhesive, the mean shear bond strength was significantly lower than that of other combination groups, (2) Regardless of adhesives, the mean shear bond strength of Fascination brackets was relatively high whereas Plastic and Image brackets had low shear bonding strength. The shear bond strength of Crystaline bracket and Transcend 2m was relatively equal to or lower than that of metal bracket, (3) There was a correlation between bond strength, enamel damage and bracket fracture. As the shear bond strength was increased, the rate of enamel damage and bracket fracture were increased, (4) The combination groups that use OrthoLC as adhesive were debonded in shear stress without enamel fracture and bracket fracture, whereas the combination groups that use Superbond C&B as adhesive experienced a relative high enamel fracture rate and bracket fracture rate, (5) Peripheral sealing and adaptation between enamel-adhesive-bracket were relatively good when using Light-Bond or No-mix as adhesive. Regardless of adhesives, adaptation between bracket-adhesive were relatively good in Ceramic brackets, (6) The combination groups which had adequate bonding strength with no enamel and bracket fracture were Crystaline-No mix, Crystaline-Light Bond, Crystaline-OrthoLC, metal-No mix, metal-Light Bond and metal-OrthoLC combination groups.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.438-450
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• 1998

Pleural effusion means the inflammation of pleura which has a majority of respiratory disease. The main clinical manifestation is pleural effusional pain, dyspnea, cough, fever, etc. and at present the Tuberculous pleural effusion has the most frequency in which exists exudate in our country. And during studying oriental medical treatment about Tuberculous exudative pleural effusional patient, we found the clinical case about The Combination therapy of Chinese traditional and Western medicine at journal of traditional Chinese Medicine and considered it would be help in oriental medical treatment, so we adjust and report now. This study was performed by analyzing the six papers reported centering around the clinical case of The Combination therapy of Chinese traditional and Western medicine in journal of traditional Chinese Medicine published between 1990-1996. As these papers have no mistakes on diagnosis because it obtained pleurocentesis, tuberculin test positive reaction on choicing clinical case, definite results on X-ray, ultrasound as well as clinical basis, so it considers an apt conclusion. The results were as follows: 1. Western medical treatment uses chemical remedy same with pulmonary tuberculosis, and in case of tubercular pleuritis, it needs thoracic duct pyorrhea, and according to simple exudation also operates therapheutic pleural paracentesis. 2. In case of hydrothorax absorption about tuberculous pleural effusion, prescription of purge the heat accumulated in the lung and eliminate the retention of fluid with powerful purgatives shows considerable effects. 3. The latter period treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion needs Supplement qi and active the collaterals, Nourishing yin and clearing heat in addition to Supporting healthy energy to eliminate evils. 4. In case of curing tuberculous pleural effusion, The Combination therapy of Chinese traditional and Western medicine shows more considerable effect than single western medical treatment in absorption of hydrothorax. 5. In case of curing tuberculous pleural effusion, The Combination therapy of Chinese traditional and Western medicine shows more considerable effect than single western medical treatment in prevention of disease reappearance. 6. In case of curing tuberculous pleural effusion, The Combination therapy of Chinese traditional and Western medicine shows more considerable effect than single western medical treatment in vitality recovery at the latter period of disease.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.166-172
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• 2006

Metallo-${\beta}$-lactamase (MBL) can hydrolyze all ${\beta}$-lactams except monobactams and frequently coexists with various antibiotic resistance genes such as aminoglycoside resistance, sulfonamide resistance gene, etc. Therefore, the effective antibiotics against infections by these bacteria are markedly limited or can't even be found. We tried to search in-vitro antimicrobial combinations with synergistic effects for a VIM-2 type MBL producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from clinical specimen. On the selection of antibiotic combinations with synergistic effects, we performed a one disk synergy test, modified Pestel's method, in agar without aztreonam (AZT). The bacteriostatic synergistic effects of this tests were scored as $S_1$ (by susceptibility pattern in agar without antibiotics), $S_2$ (by the change of susceptibility in agar with or without antibiotics) and $S_3$ ($S_1$ + $S_2$) and was classified into weak (1 point), moderate (2 points) and strong (3 points) by $S_3$ score. Subsequently, we carried out the time-killing curve for the antibiotic combinations with the strong synergistic bacteriostatic effect. One VIM-2 type MBL producing P. aeruginosa confirmed by the PCR showed all resistance against all ${\beta}$-lactams except AZT, aminoglycoside and ciprofloxacin. In the one disk synergy test, this isolate showed a strong bacteriostatic synergistic effect for the antibiotic combination of AZT and piperacillin-tazobactam (PIP-TZP) or AZT and amikacin (AN). On the time-killing curve after six hours of incubation, the colony forming units (CFUs/mL) of this bacteria in the medium broth with both combination antibiotics were decreased to 1/18.7, 1/17.1 of the least CFUs of each single antibiotics. The triple antibiotic combination therapy including AZT, PIP-TZP and AN was shown to be significantly synergistic after 8 hrs of exposure. In a VIM-2 MBL producing P. aeruginosa with susceptibility for AZT, the triple antibiotic combination therapy including AZT, PIP-TZP and AN may be considered as an alternative antibiotics modality against the infection by some MBL type. But the antimicrobial combination therapy for many more MBL producing isolates is essential to know as soon as possible for the selection of effective treatment against the infection by this bacteria.

• Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.434-448
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• 2018

Objective: The Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Bipolar Disorder (KMAP-BP) was first published in 2002 through an expert consensus of opinion, and updated in 2006, 2010, and 2014. This study constitutes the fourth revision of the KMAP-BP. Methods: A 50-item questionnaire was used to obtain the consensus of experts regarding pharmacological treatment strategies for various phases of adult bipolar disorder and six items for pediatric bipolar disorder. The review committee included 84 Korean psychiatrists and 43 child and adolescent psychiatry experts. Results: The preferred first-step strategies for acute mania were the combination of a mood stabilizer (MS) and an atypical antipsychotic (AAP), MS monotherapy, and AAP monotherapy. A combination of a MS and an AAP, and AAP monotherapy were preferred for psychotic mania. The first-step strategies for mild to moderate bipolar depression were monotherapy with MS, AAP, or lamotrigine (LMT), and the combination of a MS and an AAP or LMT, or a combination of an AAP and LMT. The combination of two among a MS, AAP, and LMT were preferred for non-psychotic severe depression. A combination of a MS and an AAP or the combination of an AAP with an antidepressant or LMT were the first-line options for psychotic severe depression. Conclusion: The recommendations of the KMAP-BP 2018 have changed from the previous version by reflecting recent developments in pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder. KMAP-BP 2018 provides clinicians with a wealth of information regarding appropriate strategies for treating patients with bipolar disorder.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.376-384
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• 2020

An energy storage system is composed of lithium-ion batteries in modern applications. Batteries are regarded as storage devices for renewable and residual energy. The failure of batteries can cause the performance reduction and explosion of battery systems. High maintenance cost is essential when dealing with the problem of battery safety. Therefore an accurate health diagnosis is required to ensure the high reliability of battery systems. A battery pack is a combination of single cells in series and parallel connections. A battery pack has to consider various factors to assess battery health. Battery health involves conventional factors and additional factors, such as cell-to-cell imbalance. For large applications, state-of-health (SOH) can be inaccurate because of the lack of factors that indicate the state of the battery pack. In this study, six characterization factors are proposed for improving the SOH estimation of battery packs. The six proposed characterization factors can be regarded as health indicators (HIs). The six HIs are applied to the principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm. To reflect information regarding capacity, voltage, and temperature, the PCA algorithm extracts new degradation factors by using the six HIs. The new degradation factors are applied to a multiple regression model. Results show the advancement and improvement of SOH estimation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.215-219
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• 2015

Cardiopulmonary depression of long-term constant rate infusion (CRI) administration of multiple analgesic drugs is important, especially in critically ill dogs. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of lidocaine, ketamine or combined lidocaine-ketamine combination CRI treatment on vital signs and left ventricular (LV) function in healthy dogs. Six adult Beagle dogs were administered either ketamine (initial loading dose of 0.5 mg/kg followed by $10{\mu}g/kg/min$ CRI), lidocaine (initial loading dose of 2 mg/kg followed by 0.025 mg/kg/min CRI), or combined lidocaine-ketamine intravenously. Arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT) and echocardiographic LV dimensions were measured before administration of medications, immediately after administration of drugs, and then every 10 min for 2 h. There were no significant changes in HR, RR, BT and BP after the administration of either lidocaine CRI, ketamine CRI, or combined lidocaine and ketamine CRI. There were also no significant changes in LV dimensions and stroke volume. The results revealed that treatment with either lidocaine, ketamine or combined lidocaine-ketamine may not cause cardiopulmonary suppression in healthy dogs.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.103-111
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• 2009

Objectives: To investigate the possibility of GamiSamgieum (SGMX) as a combination therapy with statins on hyperlipidemia using an animal model. Methods: Forty eight ICR mice (male) were divided into six groups of eight mice each: naive, induced, Lipitor 5 mg/kg, Lipitor 5 mg/kg plus SGMX 100 mg/kg, Lipitor 10 mg/kg, and Lipitor 10 mg/kg plus SGMX mg/kg treatment group. Hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding a purified high fat diet for all groups (except naive) along with treatment of drugs for 6 weeks, and then biological parameters were examined on the last experiential day. Results: Lipitor treatment lowered total cholesterol and increased HDL-cholesterol compared to the induced group with no statistical significance. However, co-treatment of SGMX with Lipitor revealed synergic effects on total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol significantly (P < 0.05) in both. SGMX co-treatment also significantly protected liver tissues from the oxidative stress in liver tissues (P < 0.05) and augmented inhibitory effect of Lipitor against fat accumulation in the body. Conclusion: These results indicate the possibility of that SGMX can be used for patients having hyperlipidemia as a combination therapy with statin drugs.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.112-116
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• 1999

Genetic diversity of 31 rice varieties including 25 japonica and 6 indica varieties was evaluated using a combination of 19 microsatellite or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 28 random decamer oligonucle-otide primers. All 19 microsatellite primer sets representing 19 loci in the rice genome showed polymorphisms among the 31 varieties and revealed 91 alleles with an average of 4.80 bands per primer. Also all 28 random decamer primers used were informative and generated 114 non-redundant bands with a mean of 4.07 bands. Microsatellite markers detected higher number of alleles than random primers .although the mean difference was not statistically significant. A cluster analysis based on Nei＇s genetic distances calculated from the 205 bands resolved the 31 varieties into two major groups that correspond to indica and japonica subspecies, which is consistent with the genealogical information. As few as six random decamer primers or a combination of one microsatellite and four random decamer primers were sufficient to uniquely differentiate all 31 varieties. These combinations would be potentially useful in rice variety protection and identification considering that 25 out of 31 varieties used in this study are japonica rices with high grain quality and have close make up.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.35-46
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• 2018

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to compare the lane curing time of natural drying and a lane drying device when painting lines on a highway. METHODS : The painting process was carried out in July 2015 and September 2015, respectively, for the Gimcheon IC - Gimcheon JC. After the painting, measurements were obtained three times at six measurement points located at 20 m intervals on the shoulder line and the dividing line. The curing time was measured for natural drying and drying using a lane drying device, and compared for different pavement types (asphalt, concrete) and paint types (waterborne paint, methyl methacrylate paint). RESULTS : The results of the lane curing time comparison on the highway are as follows. The combination of asphalt and methyl methacrylate paint cured more rapidly during both the natural drying and drying using the lane drying device. Finally, it was cured at least 32.2% and 40.7% faster when using a drying device than in natural drying. CONCLUSIONS : The comparison of lane curing time of the highway showed that the combination of asphalt and methyl methacrylate paint cured more rapidly when using both natural drying and a lane drying device.