• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.81-86
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• 2012

This paper describes the analysis technique of risk voltage around grounding electrode by new touch and step voltage measurement methods. We have analyzed three techniques for risk voltage measurement, such as footprint-electrode method, test-probe method, and simulated-personnel method. We have selected test-probe method considering applicability of site. In order to reduce error related to the location of the auxiliary electrode, we propose a new approach to perform risk voltage measurement with minimum errors and short auxiliary electrode distances. Field tests were carried out at a grounding grid. It can be concluded that the proposed method will be satisfactory for risk voltage measurement.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 2005

Purpose: Lymphedema is edema developing mainly in the arms and legs due to an abnormal lymphatic system, over one hundred millions of patient worldwide suffer from it. At present, prevention is the best treatment. Thus, It is important to know which patient are more pone to develop it in order to prevent it. By evaluating the risk factor for lymphedema, we intended to find the effective prevention. Methods: We have investigated that outpatients who chiefly complained of lymphedema visited the lymphedema clinic at one university hospital from September 1 in 2003 to August 31 in 2005. We evaluated the risk factor for lymphedema by questionnaires. Questionnaire consists of demographic data, disease factor, treatment factor, posttreatment factor. We evaluated the correlation between lymphedema with each factor. Results: The total number of patients was 50, 19 patients with breast cancer and 31 patients with cervical cancer. In terms of stages of edema, 12 patients were below stage 1 and 38 patients were above stage 2. The incidence of lymphangitis was more frequent, more obese and the impairment of the site of edema site more severe, the stage of cancer was higher in the patients higher than stage 2 than in the patients below stage 1 (P>0.05). Conclusion: Lymphedema is more severe when the cancer stage in higher, accompanying more frequent infections, more obesity and more impairment at the site of edema site. Above all, cancer stage and the impairment of edema site are impossible to correct but obesity and infection may be corrected. Therefore we speculate that we are able to protect the aggravation of edema by weight reduction and infection control.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.84-91
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• 2021

In the 21st century, a number of storm and flood disasters caused by rapidly changing climate change is increasing, and the number of flood accidents at construction sites is also increasing. However, no specific reduction measures have been presented and thereby safety management to prevent flood accident need to be improved. Therefore, in this study, the inundation pattern by downpour at the excavation site was interpreted and the inundation risk quantification method was used to classify the risk magnitude. Finally, using the fish-bone diagram, we derived the major reasons of inundation accident at construction site systematically. The simulation results showed that the inundation depths of small-scale excavation sites and excavation sites exceeded 3 m due to the fluid flowing through the excavation surface. In addition, depending on the excavation site, a high velocity temporarily observed and decreased due to the storage effect, or high velocity surpassing 10 m/s continued. Since this type of flooding can pose a risk to most or all workers, if proper management measures are insufficient, fatal damage to life and property could occur. Consideration of the roots of these disasters is judged to be helpful in understanding the causes of inundation accidents that result in casualties and presenting accident reduction measures.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.298-305
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• 2010

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for postoperative surgical site infections (SSIs) after craniotomy. Methods: This study was a retrospective case-control study of 103 patients who had craniotomies between March 2007 and December 2008. A retrospective review of prospectively collected databases of consecutive patients who underwent craniotomy was done. SSIs were defined by using the Centers for Disease Control criteria. Twenty-six cases (infection) and 77 controls (no infection) were matched for age, gender and time of surgery. Descriptive analysis, t-test, $\chi^2$-test and logistic regression analyses were used for data analysis. Results: The statistical difference between cases and controls was significant for hospital length of stay (>14 days), intensive care unit stay more than 15 days, Glasgrow Coma Scale (GCS) score (${\leq}7$ days), extra-ventricular drainage and coexistent infection. Risk factors were identified by logistic regression and included hospital length of stay of more than 14 days (odds ratio [OR]=23.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.53-216.11) and GCS score (${\leq}7$ scores) (OR=4.71, 95% CI=1.64-13.50). Conclusion: The results of this study show that patients are at high risk for infection when they have a low level of consciousness or their length hospital stay is long term. Nurses have to take an active and continuous approach to infection control to help with patients having these risk factors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2017

The case study on ground subsidence was conducted and the cause of ground subsidence was evaluated, main cause were insufficient site exploration, inaccurate strength parameters, defective temporary wall, insufficient reaction for boiling and heaving, excessive excavation and so on. Risk factors during excavation were identified from the cause of ground subsidence and risk factors were site exploration, selecting excavation method, structure analysis, measurement plan, excavation method construction, underground water level change, natural disaster and construction management. The survey of the experts on risk factors identified was conducted to evaluate the importance of risk factors, and confidence analysis was performed to evaluate the significance level between survey result and survey respondent using Chi-square Test.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.609-615
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• 2011

Purpose: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a relatively rare tumor that originates from the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It is generally known that this tumor easily recurs but can be successfully treated with a wide excision. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate postoperative outcomes and risk factors for recurrence in patients with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans who were treated at a single institution for 20 years. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 35 patients who had underwent surgery between June 1992, and September 2010. The patients were assessed in terms of predilection site and size of the tumor, the incidence according to sex, discrepancy between biopsy results and histopathological diagnosis of the surgical specimen, additional treatment after recurrence, recurrence rate and the time interval to recurrence. Results: In multivariate analysis, the depth and site of the tumor were significant risk factors for tumor recurrence. The recurrence rate was significantly higher in tumors occurring in the upper extremity than those occurring in other regions ($p$=0.0348). In addition, the recurrence rate was significantly higher in tumors with involvement of the fascia and the deeper structures ($p$=0.0324, odds ratio=6, relative risk=1.588). Since dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans has strong invasiveness, its tissue involvement is difficult to evaluate accurately. Conclusion: The results of this study shows that involvement of the fascia and the deeper structures and occurrence in the upper extremity were associated with tumor recurrence. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of these risk factors to achieve better treatment outcomes.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.3-12
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• 2019

Current risk assessment methods typically determine accident risks embedded in construction projects by combining severity and frequency; however, they do not reflect the characteristics of construction projects. To solve the problem, this study aims to develop a novel risk assessment method that combines severity, frequency, and disaster influence factors (i.e., weather conditions and worker's characteristics) for assessing risks of activities occurring on a construction site actually. In this study, a severity was estimated by death against victims, and a frequency was estimated by the victim rate. The frequency was then converted to probability taking disaster influence factors into account. Thus, instead of considering severity and frequency for assessing the original risks (RO), the proposed method uses severity and probability to yield adjusted risks (RA) for each activity. A case study was conducted to determine if the proposed method works as intended in a real setting. The results show that RA is more sensitive to disaster influence factors than RO and, therefore, is able to assess the actual risks reflecting the working environment and conditions of a construction site. This study contributes to risk management of construction projects by offering a risk assessment method that measures a possibility of potential disasters from the probabilistic perspective. This method would help project managers assess accident risks in a more systematic and quantitative manner.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.84-90
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• 2018

We researched the way to minimize the damage when the chlorine-leak accident take place in a purification plant. Since the level of risk based on the Off-site Risk Assessment(ORA) is a combination of proportional to the number of residents in the damaged area and frequency of accidents, we suggested the adequate conditions to reduce the number of residents in the damaged area by means of the operating temperature of a handling facility, installation of a emergency shut-off valve, and the analysis of the variation of the damaging range in accordance with the type of enclosure. The coverage of damage was calculated by the 'KORA(Korea Off-site Risk Assessment Supporting Tool) program. The research shows that the lower operating temperature gets, the more emergency shut-off valve being installed and the higher enclosure level of facility becomes, the extent of damage gets decreased. The decreasing rate of worst case was 17.6%, 71%, 34.5% respectively, the decreasing rate of alternative case was 31.6%, 69.0%, 34.8% respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.9-22
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• 2014

Constructions sites are affected by Diversity workplace, complexity of construction, Change of place, Mobility of workers and so on. In a single establishment, Prime contractors and subcontractors have to conduct their work at the same time. There are a lot of unpredictable risks when the construction is running, coordination between contractors is very important to do a risk assessment under the condition. Large Construction companies were investigated by previous studies. Survey research is applied to the risk assessment. In the writing, Risk assessment of the entire lower level. Because of the low level of risk factors to find. Also, There was a limit to investigate accidents. Confirmed that Effort to derive a risk factors were desperately of the risk assessment. Results were obtained through previous studies. The PCM is several experts should be joined. Experts Site Manager, Supervisor, Safety Manager, Director Contractor, Work team leader is required to participate. Construction plans, Process Planning to the risk find beforehand. And Determines how the operations and the control. Also, Made it into the database. and PCRA can be used in the risk assessment was developed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.291-292
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• 2021

In modular construction, it is insufficient for safety management of workers, and workers are still exposed to the risk of accidents due to work at high places for lifting and assembly work in modular construction sites. Therefore, it is necessary when preventive safety management through risk management of workers on modular construction sites. This study is a basic study for the risk assessment(checklist) of modular construction, and the purpose of this study is to analyze the risk factors of the module lifting work at the modular construction site. It is intended to identify the hazard risk factors and improvement measures of the existing lifting operation, by analyzing the case of the risk assessment of the existing RC method, and to identify the risk factors for each work process when lifting the module. In the future, the results of this study are expected to be utilized in the development of checklists for risk assessment as safety management plan for modular construction sites.