• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.461-467
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• 2017

Shrimps infected with WSSV(White Spot Syndrome Virus) generally exhibit white spots in their inner space of carapaces as an acute clinical sign. In an effort to identify the correlation between this acute clinical sign and the condition, the index factors (RNA/DNA concentration and ratio, trypsin activity) were analyzed. A total 580 farmed Fenneropenaeus chinensis and 130 Lithopenaeus vannamei were collected from western and southern fifteen outdoor ponds in Korea. The status of the white spot pathology was divided into four stages (stage 0, stage I, stage II, and stage III), in accordance with the clinical signs as to the size and area of white spots. A significant decrease in RNA concentration and RNA/DNA ratio for multi-infected fleshy prawn (WSSV and vibrio sp.) occurred during the stage III (the whole carapace is covered with a white spot). In particular, RNA/DNA ratio was significantly lower as $1.47{\pm}0.04$ than other groups. A similar trend was also found in the single infection (WSSV), but the decrease was less than the multi-infection. In the species comparison, both species were vulnerable to the multi-infection, but L. vannamei was more sensitive than F. chinensis(ANOVA, p<0.05): A significant decrease in RNA concentration and RNA/DNA ratio was first found in stage II for the former species, while it was found in stage III for the latter species. Trypsin activity was also showed a similar tendency with nucleic acid variation. Multi-infected shrimp showed drastically decrease of trypsin activity. According to the results, clinical signs of the white spot under carapace have an only physiological effect on shrimp if they covered entirely with white spots.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.23-30
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• 2023

This study was attempted to be used as basic data for efficient clinical practice education operation by identifying differences in program outcomes before and after integrated clinical practice of nursing students. Data collection was conducted before and after 6 weeks of integrated clinical practice for 38 nursing college students from July 19 to September 10, 2021 with a single group pre- and post-design. The collected data were analyzed by frequency, Wilcoxon sign rank, and Pearson correlation using SPSS/Win 23.0. After the integrated clinical practice, 1st program outcomes(Care integration)(Z=-4.63, p<.001), 2nd(Core practice)(Z=-3.99, p<.001), 6th(Critical thinking)(Z=-3.60, p<.001) and 11th(Research practice)(Z=-2.76, p=.005) increased significantly compared to before practice. Since integrated clinical practice was found to be an effective practice to improve program outcomes, it is suggested to actively utilize it as a strategy for improving program outcomes.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.263-272
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• 2004

This study was to investigate single and repeated-dose toxicities of DFA IV, a new candidate of nutraceutical which has preventive effect on anemia and osteoporosis. In single-dose oral toxicity study, the test article were administered once by gavage to rats at dose level of 0, 2,000 and 5,000 mg/kg. No dead animal, abnormal sign and abnormal necropsy finding was found in control and treated groups. Thus the approximate lethal dose of DFA IV was considered to be higher than 5,000 mg/kg in rats. In four week repeated dose oral toxicity study, the test article was administered once daily by gavage to rats at dose levels of 0, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg. No abnormality was observed in mortality, clinical findings, body weight changes, food and water consumptions, opthalmoscopic findings, hematological findings, necropsy findings, organ weights and histopathological findings. In urinalysis, specific gravity was increased in 2,000 mg/kg groups of male rats. In serum biochemical analysis, creatine phosphokinase was increased in all treatment groups of male rats. These increases in urine specific gravity and serum creatine phosphokinase activity were not accompanied with related signs such as histopathological changes or clinical findings. In conclusion, four week repeated oral dose of DFA IV to rats did not cause apparent toxicological change at the dose of 500, 1,000 or 2000 mg/kg body weight. Thus it is suggested that no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of DFA IV in rats would be 2,000 mg/kg/day body weight.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.89-96
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• 2024

Objectives This study is designed to evaluated the safety of peony root extract tablet in healthy male volunteers. Methods 12 healthy male volunteers were recruited, and this study was conducted by a single center. The safety was evaluated by collecting laboratory test and vital signs of volunteers. As the registration process, 12 subjects were assigned by serial number. To evaluate safety, vital signs were checked and blood samples were collected 4 times during the screening period, pre & post-administration (after 8 hours) and post-administration (after 7 days). The difference in variables was summarized by the mean±standard deviation. The normality test was carried out using the Shapiro-Wilk test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. When normality is fulfilled, a paired t-test is applied and the significance level was p<0.05. And the incidence of all adverse effects and serious adverse effects are shown in percentage. Results In the case of vital sign, body temperature (BT) (℃) was 0.06±0.05 ℃ (p=0.008), and there was a statistically significant difference in before and after administration. However, clinical symptoms were not occurred and BT (℃) of all subjects before and after administration showed values within the normal reference value. There was no significant difference from the control group in all other vital signs and laboratory test data. And no side-effects associated to clinical trial drugs were followed. Conclusions The peony root extract tablet was considered to be safe for healthy male volunteers.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1118-1126
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the anti allergic effect in vivo and in vitro, and to observe single and four weeks repeated toxicity in mice of Bangpung-galgeun-tang (BGT). We investigated anti DNP IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rodents and compound 48/80-induced active systemic anaphylatic shock in mice after oral administration with BGT of 0.4 g/kg and 0.8 g/kg for 8 days, and also examined MTT assay, ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ activity, IL-4 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ from RBL-2H3 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ from Raw264.7 after pre-treatment with BGT of 0.25 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml. To ascertain safety and toxicity of BGT, we divided into single and four weeks repeated administration test. In single test, three groups were administrated different dosages and routes (2 g/kg/i.p., 4 g/kg/i.p. and 15 g/kg /p.o.) of BGT, and in four weeks repeated test, 0.8 g/kg BGT was administrated. Control groups were administrated with only saline according to on Korean Food and Drug Administration, respectively. We observed attentively motality, abnormal clinical sign, body weight change, organ weight, AST and ALT of mice after BGT administration. BGT inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and active systemic anaphylatic shock by oral administration. All the concentrations of BGT from 0.25 to 2 mg/ml didn't have an effect on cell viability and cytotoxicity. In RBL-2H3, ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ release, IL-4 and $TNF-{\alpha}$, and in Raw264.7, $TNF-{\alpha}$ were significantly reduced by treated all concentrations of BGT. During toxicity experiment period, there was no difference in body weight change, organ weight, AST and ALT among different dose groups. Death were found 3 mice from day 2 to day 3 in single test i.p. group. (2 g/kg, 4 g/kg). Several individuals of single test i.p. group were observed that decreased locomotor activity, exophthalmos, bloodshot eyes, loss of eyesight and so on in early period after administration. But there was no difference in clinical signs among p.o. group. These results indicate that BGT have inhibition effects on allergy and suggest that no observable effect level of the test orally administration was considered to be more than 2 g/kg in mice under the conditions employed in this study.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.16D no.5
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• pp.809-816
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• 2009

Current SSO has focused on authenticated integration between inter systems in a domain.On the contrary, becasuse SSO using SAML can support integration between different domains, once it is used in RIA, we can expect highly synergic effect. However, because researches on SSO using SAML are mainly those on authenticated information exchange between servers, a special research is needed in order to be applied in RIA environment, which conducts numerous managements in client. This study proposes architecture and explain a practice structure in order to apply SAML to RIA. Also, this study has embodied the proposed architecture and applied it on DWR, which is used mostly as Data communication framework of RIA, and verified the useablity of this architecture.

• The Academic Congress of Korean Shoulder and Elbow Society
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.165-165
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• 2008

A 27-year-old, right-hand-dominant woman with a posttraumatic anterior shoulder dislocation 3 months earlier after traYc accident presented because of pain and limited range of motion in the right shoulder. On physical examination, the patient had negative instability tests and a sulcus sign. On arthroscopic examination, a bifurcate long biceps tendon with two limbs was observed about 1 cm distal to the origin in the supraglenoid tubercle. We found no evidence of a tear in the long biceps tendon on probing, and the margin of each limb was smooth and round. Although this anatomic variant may be benign, its presence might be associated with other shoulder pathology. It is interesting to speculate whether the aberrant biceps anatomy in our patient contributed to transfer of injury at dislocation to the rotator cuff rather than to the classic anterior-inferior capsulolabral complex. In addition, recognition of the described anatomic variant on arthroscopy can aid the shoulder surgeon in focusing treatment on the actual pathology.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.11-21
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• 2010

Objectives : We tried to investigate the effects of Carthami Semen(CF) pharmacopuncture and Bovis Calculus Fei Ursi(BU) pharmacopuncture on the heart rate variability(HRV) in adult men. As well as we tried to observe how CF pharmacopuncture and BU pharmacopuncture effect on the balance of the autonomic nervous system. Methods : We investigated on 40 healthy volunteers consisted of 20 subjects in CF pharmacopuncture group and 20 subjects in BU pharmacopuncture group respectively. We ruled out subjects whose vital sign isn't in normal range, yet they had taken a rest. The study established by a randomized, single-blind clinical trial. CF pharmacopuncture and BU pharmacopuncture was applied on each group. We measured HRV 7 times : baseline measurement and every 5 minutes for 30 minutes after injection. The SPSS 15.0 for Windows was used to analyze the data by the paired t-test(in group) and Independent sample t-test(between the groups). Results 1. After injection of CF pharmacopuncture, SDNN, Ln(TP), Ln(VLF) and Ln(LF) increased significantly, and Complexity, pNN50 decreased significantly. 2. After injection of BU pharmacopuncture, RMSSD, SDSD and HRV-index increased significantly. Conclusions : We suggest that CF pharmacopuncture activate sympathetic nervous system and BU pharmacopuncture tend to activate the autonomic nervous system.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2007

Objectives : The diagnosis of depression is based on a highly variable set of symptoms. Therefore, depression should not be viewed as a single disease, but a heterogenous syndrome comprised of different pathophysiologies. There are several subtypes of depression which were already incorporated in DSM-IV. This article provides a systematic review of pharmacological treatments of two recognized subtypes of depression-dysthymic disorder and atypical depression. Methods : Systematic search of relevant literatures on dysthymic disorder and atypical depression was performed by proposed search strategy of the Clinical Research Center for Depression of Korean Health 21 R&D Project. All identified literatures were carefully reviewed and classified according to SIGN grading system and summarized in a narrative manner. Results : For the treatment of dysthymic disorder and atypical depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors( SSRIs) and moclobemide have more evidence than the other antidepressants. SSRIs and moclobemide showed superior tolerability than tricyclic antidepressants. Conclusions : The authors proposed treatment recommendations for dysthymic disorder and atypical depression by the methods of evidence-based medicine(EBM). However, guideline developing methods of EBM also have several inevitable limitations. Therefore, in the absence of clear and significant differences in efficacy, the choice of medication must be individualized for a particular patient based on psychiatrist's own clinical decision.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.27-32
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• 2018

In industries that are operating various enterprise systems, new systems are integrated and operated in accordance with each period. In particular, when a new system is to be integrated, one of the major considerations is the single sign-on part for integrating and operating the authentication. To implement this authority system using role-based access control method, an extension method for access control method is needed. Therefore, in this paper, we design an extended role-based access control model for interworking with legacy authority system and provide its APIs. The extended role-based access control model is a model in which external authority information, which holds authority information in the authority information, is added. And we describe operations that the REST Web APIs are based on these models. In this paper, the method is described in the back-end APIs and can be implemented as an operation of an extended role-based access control system based on the method.