• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.151-162
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• 2015

The adsorption characteristics of Sr ions and Cs ions in single and binary solution by zeolite A were investigated in batch experiment. The adsorption rate of Sr ions and Cs ions by zeolite A obeyed pseudo-second-order kinetic model in single and binary solution. The initial adsorption rates (h) and adsorption capacities of both ions obtained from pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the values were decreased with increasing concentration of the competitive ions (0~1.5 mM). Also, adsorption isotherm data in binary solution were well fitted to the extended Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacities of Sr and Cs calculated from the model were 1.78 mmol/g and 1.64 mmol/g, respectively. The adsorption of Sr and Cs ions by zeolite A was carried out in the presence of other cations such as $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$. The results showed that the zeolite A can maintain a relatively high adsorption capacity for Sr and Cs ions and exhibits a high selectivity in the presence of competitive cations. The effect of competition had an order of $Ca^{2+}$ > $K^+$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $Na^+$ for Sr ions and $K^+$ > $Ca^{2+}$ > $Na^+$ > $Mg^{2+}$ for Cs ions at the same cation concentration.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제12권3_4호
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• pp.1-13
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• 1997

First- and second-order kinetic oxidation rates of trichlorobenzenes (TCBs) were obtained and compared by a chemical activation system (CAS) which mimics mixed functional oxidase activity. The system consists of EDTA, ferrous sulfate, ascorbic acid, and $H_2O_2$ in potassium phosphdte buffer (monobasic at pH 7.4). The rate of transformation in CAS was enhanced in the presence and absence of catalase in the sequence 1, 2, 3-TCB < 1, 2, 4-TCB < 1, 3, 5-TCB. In general, the rates of degradation were greater in the test media with catalase. The effect of photolysis on the degradation of the TCBs with the CAS were examined. Sensitized photolysis with nitrite, Fenton's reagent, TiO$_2$ and triethylamine (TEA) studied in concert with the CAS demonstrated significant enhancement of the degradation rate of TCBs. Disappearance rates of TCBs in CAS with prior photolysis or prior photosensitization were at least 10-fold higher than the sum of the rate for each single experiment. This study proves that the combination of the CAS and photolysis can be used as a suitable technique for enhancing degradation of TCBs in aqueous systems.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2003

A cycle simulation method is developed by coupling a commercial code, Ricardo's WAVE, with the SENKIN code from CHEMKIN packages to predict combustion characteristics of an HCCI engine. By solving detailed chemical kinetics the SENKIN code calculates the combustion products in the combustion chamber during the valve closing period, i.e. from IVC to EVO. Except the combustion chamber during the valve closing period the WAVE code solves thermodynamic status in the whole engine system. The cycle simulation of the complete engine system is made possible by exchanging the numerical solutions between the codes on the coupling positions of the intake port at IVC and of the exhaust port at EVO. This method is validated against the available experimental data from recent literatures. Auto ignition timing and cylinder pressure are well predicted for various engine operating conditions including a very high ECR rate although it shows a trend of sharp increase in cylinder pressure immediate after auto ignition. This trend is overpredicted especially for EGR cases, which may be due to the assumption of single-zone combustion model and the limit of the chemical kinetic model for the prediction of turbulent air-fuel mixing phenomena. A further work would be needed for the implementation of a multi-zone combustion model and the effect of turbulent mixing into the method.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.377-383
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• 1996

Interaction of flames in a lean-rich concentration field is studied numerically adopting a counterflow as a model problem. Detailed kinetic mechanism is adopted in analyzing the structure of various type of flames which can be found in lean-rich interaction. Flow field is simplified to quasi one-dimensional by using boundary layer approximation and similarity formulation. Triple flames are identified and its structure shows that a diffusion flame is located in the middle of two premixed flames. Such a diffusion flame is formed by $H_2$ and CO generated from the rich premixed flame and $O_2$ leaked from the lean premixed flame. The flame position can be identified either from the hydrogen production rate or the heat release rate. Transition from single diffusion flame to triple flame is observed as degree of premixing is increased.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.308-316
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• 1992

유전자 재조합 균주의 성질이 불안정할 경우,2 단 연속 배양조를 사용하면 여러가지 이점이 있다. 본 논문은 2단 연속 배양조의 최적화를 목적으로 유전자 재조합 대장균의 과도상태 거동을 1단 및 2단 연속 배양조에서 연구한 결과를 다룬다. 희석율이 갑자기 변할 때 대장균은 새로운 희석율에 적응하기 위해 성장속도를 바꾸는데 적응 속도가 성장 잠재력에 비례한다는 가정아래 수학적 이론식을 도출하였으며, 이때 중요한 동력학적 변수는 무차원의 순간속도 증가(a) 빛 적응속도 상수(k)이었다. 이 상수들을 여러 온도와 희석 속도에서 실험적으로 측정하였고, 이 측정값을 모렐식에 적용한 결과 실제 2단 배양조의 미생물 성장속도의 과도기적인 성질을 잘 묘사하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2014

We investigated the applicability of steel slag as a capping material in order to minimize phosphorus(P) release into seawater. Steel slag is a byproduct from the iron and steel industries and the use of steel slag has some advantages in respect of both cost and environmental concern. P removal by steel slag were studied in a batch system with respect to changes in contact time and initial concentration. Kinetic adsorption data were described well by pseudo 2nd order model, indicating rate limiting step for P adsorption to steel slag is chemical sorption. Equilibrium adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir isotherm model which describes for single layer adsorption. The maximum P adsorption capacity of steel slag was 7.134 mg-P/L. Increasing the depth of steel slag produced a positive effect on interruption of P release. More than 3 cm of steel slag was effective for blocking P release and 5 cm of steel slag was recommended as the depth for capping of P contaminated marine sediments. Increasing P concentration and flow rate had a negative effect on P removal ratio. It was concluded that the steel slag has a potential capping material for blocking P release from marine sediments.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1175-1179
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• 1997

The adsorption of oxygen on ZnO was monitored by measuring the capacitance of two contacting crystals which have depletion layers originated from the interaction between oxygen and ZnO at 298 K-473 K. An admission of oxygen to the sample induced an irreversible increase in the depth and the amount of adsorbed oxygen was less than 0.001 monolayer in the experimental condition. The relation between pressure of oxygen and variation of the depth was tested from the view point of Langmuir or Freundlich isotherm. Using Hall effect measurement and kinetic experiment, a model equation on the adsorption process was proposed. From the results, it was suggested that oxygen adsorption depended on the rate of electron transfer from ZnO to oxygen while the amount of adsorbed oxygen was kinetically restricted by the height of surface potential barrier.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.197-205
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• 2004

Batch test methods have developed for a long time to measure kinetic and stoichiometric parameters which are required to perform steady state design and mathematical modelling of activated sludge processes. However, at various So/Xo ratios, abnormal behaviors of ordinary heterotrophic organism in batch tests have been reported in many researches. Thus, in this research, abnormal behaviors of heterotrophs in batch tests were investigated at various So/Xo conditions by measuring and interpreting oxygen utilization rate. As So/Xo ratio increased, the calculated values of maximum specific growth rates, ${\mu}_{H,max}$ and $K_{MP,max}$, increased. However, at a certain point of So/Xo (around 10mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), ${\mu}_{H,max}$ and $K_{MP,max}$ values started to decrease. According to this observation, three prominent behaviours of heterotrophs were identified at various So/Xo conditions. (1) At low So/Xo region (below 5 mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), the oxygen utilization rate of heterotrophs in batch tests were almost stable and consequently yielded lower maximum specific growth rate. (2) At high So/Xo region (up to 5~10 mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), oxygen utilization rate incresed sharply with time and indicated more upward curvature than the predicted OUR with conventional activated sludge model, which consists of single hetetrotrophs group. Thus, in this region, competition model of two organisms, fast-grower and slow-grower, seemed to be appropriate. (3) At extremely high So/Xo region (over 10mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), significant oxygen utilization rate was still observed even after depletion of readily biodegradable COD. This might be caused by retarded utilization of intermediates which were generated by self inhibition mechanism in the process of RBCOD uptake.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.818-826
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• 2004

The spray-induced mixing characteristics and thermal decomposition of aqueous urea solution into ammonia have been studied to design optimum sizes and geometries of the mixing chamber in SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction) system. The cold flow tests about the urea-injection nozzle were performed to clarify the parameters of spray mixing characteristics such as mean diameter and velocity of drops and spray width determined from the interactions between incoming air and injected drops. Discrete particle model in Fluent code was adopted to simulate spray-induced mixing process and the experimental results on the spray characteristics were used as input data of numerical calculations. The simulation results on the spray-induced mixing were verified by comparing the spray width extracted from the digital images with the simulated Particle tracks of injected drops. The single kinetic model was adopted to predict thermal decomposition of urea solution into ammonia and solved simultaneously along with the verified spray model. The hot air generator was designed to match the flow rate and temperature of the exhaust gas of the real engines The measured ammonia productions in the hot air generator were compared with the numerical predictions and the comparison results showed good agreements. Finally, we concluded that the design capabilities for sizing optimum mixing chamber were established.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 1993

본 연구(硏究)에서는 부숙(腐熟)된 퇴비(堆肥)로부터 추출(抽出)한 부식산(腐植酸) 및 훌브산용액(酸溶液)과 중금속(重金屬) 용액(溶液)을 반응(反應)시켜 복합체(複合體)를 형성(形成), 침전(沈澱)시키고, 침전물(沈澱物)을 여과법(濾過法)에 의해 분리하여 중금속(重金屬)의 제거효율(除去效率)을 측정하였으며, 이때 시간(時間)이 침전형성(沈澱形成)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 kinetics model을 도입하여 조사하였다. 중금속(重金屬) (Cu 또는 Pb)과 유기(有機)리간드[(Humic acid: HA) 또는 (Fulvic acid: FA)] 사이의 침전형성(沈澱形成) 반응(反應)은 single first- 또는 Multiple first order kinetics를 따랐는데, 이는 중금속(重金屬)의 농도(濃度)와 리간드의 종류(種類)에 크게 의존(依存)하였다. 따라서 중금속(重金屬)-유기(有機)리간드 침전반응(沈澱反應)은 중금속(重金屬)의 반응농도(反應濃度)에 의존하고, 반응시간(反應時間)에 정비예(正比例)하여 침전형성율(沈澱形成率)이 증가(增加)한 후 침전형성율(沈澱形成率)의 변화가 거의 없는 의사(擬似) 평형상태(平衡狀態)에 도달하였다. Cu와 유기(有機)리간드의 침전형성 반응은, 리간드의 종류에 관계없이, Cu의 농도가 $300{\mu}M$ 보다 낮을때는 single first order kinetics를, 농도가 $300{\mu}M$ 보다 높을때는 Multiple first-order Kinetics를 따랐다. Cu의 농도가 증가될수록 반응상수(反應常數)(${\kappa}$)는 유의성(有意性)있게 증가되어 침전형성(沈澱形成) 속도(速度)가 빨랐다. 침전형성(沈澱形成)이 Multiple first order kinetics일 경우, 반응단계가 진행될수록 ${\kappa}$ 값이 작아졌고, 대부분의 침전형성은 1단계인 15분 이내에서 일어났으며, 시간이 경과할수록 서서히 진행되어 평형(平衡)에 도달하였다. Cu의 농도가 같을때 1단계반응에서의 훌브산(酸)의 ${\kappa}$ 는 부식산(腐植酸)의 ${\kappa}$ 보다 커서 훌브산이 부식산보다 Cu를 더 빨리 침전시켰다. Pb의 농도가 증가할수록 Pb-HA의 침전형성반응에서는 ${\kappa}$ 값이 작아졌으나, 반면에 Pb-FA의 반응에서는 ${\kappa}$ 값이 증가되었다. Pb-유기(有機)리간드의 침전형성(沈澱形成)은 30분 이내(1단계)에 이뤄졌으며, 이후의 ${\kappa}$ 값은 매우 작아 반응시간(反應時間)에 크게 영향을 받지 않았다. 유기(有機)리간드가 부식산(腐植酸)이고, 중금속(重金屬)의 농도(濃度)가 $200{\sim}300{\mu}M$ 일때 Pb의 ${\kappa}$값은 Cu의 ${\kappa}$ 값보다 커서 Pb이 Cu보다 빨리 침전되었으나, 중금속(重金屬)의 농도(濃度)가 $400{\sim}500{\mu}M$ 일때는 Cu의 ${\kappa}$ 값은 Pb의 ${\kappa}$ 값보다 컸다.