• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.197-205
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• 2010

This study examines for the processes of making a architectural significant issue of 20 cases form of Beijjng's hotel through analyzing the space composition from early the 1950's to 1992 in China. In the methods of analyzing process, We study the literatures, research reports and architectural drawings including the site survey. We hope to establish the principle in morphological characteristics and space composition of Beijing's high-rise hotels through analyzing the plan of these hotels. Finally, We find out the principles after researching. Firstly, Beijing's hotels in China faced on the being difficulties through the process of national development especially in political and economical conditions of country and peoples. Consequently, size of the Beijing's hotel developed with the fact that is complicated from that is single styles focused on the medium-sized one, modernizing popularity and the high-rise hotel buildings appeared plentifully and the form appeared with tall building putting first. Secondly, there are many immanent and interlocking styles in hotel's architectural block plans, many composition styles in big sized hotels, in opposition immanent styles in small sized ones and there are many trend of concourse style in medium sized hotels. To the layout of hotel's room inside of the linear styles are many in big and medium sized hotels.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.113-127
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• 2007

Objectives : To inform the 5th WHO Informal Consultation meeting on Development of International Standard Acupuncture Point Locations, held in Osaka, Japan, on September $27{\sim}29$, 2005. Results and Conclusions : Nine experts from Korea, China and Japan discussed the principles of acupuncture points locations and the point locations of 33 controversial acupoints that were not agreed at the previous meeting, as well as 328 non-controversial points that all 3 nations agreed on the locations to confirm the expression of every single point. Through this meeting, the locations of ST30, SP12, LR7 and expressions of LU6, LI8, LI9, LI10, LI 13, SP13, BL60, KI3, GB38, LR11, LR12 were agreed. Furthermore, locations of BL39, GB27, GB28 were confirmed out of 6 non-discussed points. However, several points were still required to held additional meeting to discuss. That includes LI19, LI20, ST36, ST37, ST38, ST39, SI6, KI9, PC8, PC9, TE9, TE17, TE23, GB7, GB30, GV26. In addition, foundation for the international society for the acupuncture point location was proposed to make a regular revision of standard acupuncture point location.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.7-25
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• 1991

Until now, pure drinking water grnerally menas the water without taste, odor, general bacteria, coliform, and other exotic substance. Such a definition has been changing recently due to the finding of numerous other inorganic and organic substances unknown to us. 10 years ago, major causes of death were infectious agents and parasites contained in water, but recently, it has become apparent that some substances contained in drinking water cause cancer and heart diseases. We must drink about 2L of water everyday in order to maintain healthy condition. Waters used for drinking include tap water, well water, spring water, filtered water, etc., but the quality of drinking water has more polluted due to the industrial development and population increase. For example, industrial waste waters from industrial plants pollute the water supply sources ; toxic substances contained in the waste waters pollute the ground water sources by penetrating the geological strata, and municipal, livestock, public building waste waters also pollute the water supply sources. Sometimes, the polluted surface waters were announced to be polluted by various kinds of orgainc substance, and it is reported that the pollution of ground water by orga nic substances has few in number but high in its concectration comparing with those of surface water. As the water quality pollution level increases, so the amount of disinfectant also increase. For example, chlorine solution, one of widely used disinfectants, creates trihalomethane(THM), a carcinogen, and halogen compounds. According to Oliver, through chlorine disinfection process, humine substance and chlorine create bolatile organic halide and nonvolatile organic halide by chemical reaction. There are tens or hundreds filtering devices, but filtering principles and maintenance metjhods are different, so their efficiency tests are needed. According to Smith, the effeciency tests aginst over 30 Ameican filtering devices show that 10 devices can remove 85% of volatile organics and further studies on filtered waters are underway. In consideration of important impacts of polluted drinking water on national health, authors studied the state of water quality pollution against tap water used as drinking water, filtration device passed water, ground water, and conserved drinking water ; tested the efficiency of filtration devices for tap water ; tried to sep up the detection method by using ion chromatography based on negative ion and positive ion by using single column, and attemped the simple filtration method for general households.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.1
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• pp.23-48
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• 2003

Art theorists support art productions by, introducing them to the public, explaining their meanings, and playing a crucial part in the development of art. These tasks seem like their opus. Because the principles of art production and the artistic languages are quite different from the ordinaries, we need 'interpreters' who can mediate us and the artists. Art works need interpretation. And the interpretation includes not only the characteristics of the given art work, but the customs, history, and the unique qualities of the race that produced the art work. The former director of the Korean National Museum, Choi Soon-woo wrote on the characteristics of Korean art as those that stem from the poised, arbitrary, and non-elaborate state of mind. The statement of the former Director of the National Museum has its weight far greater than just a personal opinion. In fact, we encounter the same resonance of this statement over and over reproduced in the mass media. The problem lies on that it deals with not only a single art work, but the entire Korean art. And going further, this kind of remarks are already infused into every sector of our thought on art appreciation. In this paper, I argue for a re-reading of the characteristics of Korean beauty based on two reasons. First, the characteristic of art work is contemporary, thus we cannot define the characteristics of entire Korean art in a few words without the context of the period of its making. Second, Director Choi defined the characteristics that I pointed out above as 'natural' and 'nature-friendly.' Nature or being natural is not an usual word that defines the characteristics of art work, which stands for the opposite side of the nature in the binary opposition of nature/culture. To delve into these misunderstandings of Korean beauty in the popular notions of Korean art, I suggest the re-reading of three major articles on Korean art: Ryoo Jong-yeol's "Korean race and its art," Ko You-seup's reiteration of Ryoo's thesis called "Discourses in Korean Art History and Aesthetics," and Yoon Hee-soon's antithesis of Ryoo Jong-yeol titiled "Studies on Korean Art History."

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.08a
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• pp.427-431
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• 2007

Applications in present-day mobile communication systems particularly require miniaturized dimensions and low-profiles of antenna in order to meet the mobile units. Thus, size reductions and bandwidth enhancements are becoming crucial design considerations for practical applications of microstrip antennas. The motivation of further experiments have been stepped to follow those studies for achieving compact and broadband, even multiplied operation modes, which are greatly increased with much attentions recently. To obtain broadband, single-feed, circularly polarized characteristics of microstrip antennas, a design with feed-line ought to be a factor of two. Usually, diagonally balanced-line feeds with hybrid coupler are employed to attain circular polarizations. We firstly formulated DGS (Defected Ground Structures) based operation principles of the entire microstrip components and therefore were able to derive impedance variance of feed-lines. After verifying corresponding experimental results, we targeted the frequency bands of UHF RFID (Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency IDentification) and approximately of 0.4-2.4GHz have exhibited remarkable two resonance amplitudes as a dual band antenna. Our secondary researches were aimed to design quad band microstrip antenna which represents four resonance characteristics within the identical frequency bands as well. Microstrip patch has been meandered to lengthen the electrical paths, and the other design criteria with respecting physical parameters including radiation patterns and impedance bandwidths measurements will be described for verification. Advisable applications of these antennas can be GSM850, GSM900, GPS (L1-1575 and L2-1227) and UMTS-2110 of cellular systems, which extremely desire multiband and minimum size.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2016

Objectives: This study introduces the history and types of Korean pharmacopuncture and reports trends of research on Korean pharmacopuncture. Methods: Pharmacopuncture studies were searched from the first year of each search engine to 2014 by using seven domestic and foreign search databases. Selected studies were divided into the history of pharmacopuncture, kinds and features of pharmacopuncture, research types, and experimental and clinic studies and were then classified by year of publication, type of pharmacopuncture, disease, and topic. Results: Pharmacopuncture can be classified into four large groups: meridian field pharmacopuncture (MFP), eight-principles pharmacopuncture (EPP), animal-based pharmacopuncture (ABP) and mountain-ginseng pharmacopuncture, which is a single-compound pharmacopuncture (SCP). The largest numbers of studies were reported from 1997 to 2006, after which the numbers decreased until 2014. Of experimental studies, 51.9%, 18.7%. 14.3%, 9% and 3.4% were on SCP, ABP, MFP, formula pharmacopuncture (FP), and EPP, respectively. Of clinical studies, 54.7%, 15.3%. 14.9% 10.0% and 1.5% were on ABP, MFP, EPP, SCP, and FP (1.5%), respectively. Among clinical studies, case reports and case series accounted for 76.5%, followed by randomized controlled trials (RCTs, 16.4%) and non-RCT (13.9%). Musculoskeletal diseases, toxicity and safety tests, anti-cancer effects, and nervous system diseases were mainly treated in experimental studies while musculoskeletal diseases, nervous system diseases, toxicity and safety tests, and autonomic nerve function tests were addressed in clinical studies. Bee venom (BV) was the most frequently-used pharmacopuncture in mechanism studies. Pharmacopuncture was mainly used to treat musculoskeletal diseases. Conclusion: Pharmacopuncture and studies of it have made great progress in Korea. Studies on BV pharmacopuncture and musculoskeletal diseases accounted for most of the studies reported during the review period. Research on the types of pharmacopuncture and diseases has to be expanded. Especially, studies on the use of MFP and EPP for treating patients with various diseases are needed.

• CELLMED
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.6.1-6.10
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• 2015

Fumaria indica Linn. (Syn: Fumaria parviflora, Fumariaceae) is a wildly grown weed, mentioned and recommended in classical Ayurvedic texts for treatments of variety of ailments including dermatological diseases, topical diseases, cardiovascular complaints, circulatory disease, fever and headache etc. The present pilot study was designed to experimentally verify the possibility that fumarates are the major bioactive principles of Fumaria indica extracts involved in their stress response modulating activities, and to estimate pharmacologicallyactive dose ranges of fumarates and standardized methanolic extract of Fumaria indica (MFI). Effect of single, 5 and 10 daily oral doses of pure fumaric acid (FA), monomethyl fumarate (MMF), dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and MFI was quantified in well validated rodent models viz. apomorphine induced cage climbing, stress induced hyperthermia, and elevated plus-maze tests. Obtained results reveal high efficacy of MFI and pure fumarates possess qualitatively analogous activity profiles in all the three tests. There were no significant difference in the potencies of pure FA, MMF and DMF in the three tests, whereas efficacy of MFI in the elevated plus maze test for anxiolytics was higher than in the other two tests. Efficacies of all the four test agents in all the three tests increased with increasing number of days of oral treatments. Results of these pilot experiments should be helpful for more rational selections of pharmacologically interesting dose ranges and treatment regimens of fumarates and Fumaria indica extracts for further more holistic explorations of their diverse therapeutic potentials.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 2016

Purpose: Phosphorus is an essential element for water quality control. Excessive amounts of phosphorus causes algal bloom in water, which leads to eutrophication and a decline in water quality. It is necessary to maintain the optimum amount of phosphorus present. During the last decades, various studies have been conducted to determine phosphorus content in water. In this study, we present a comprehensive overview of colorimetric, electrochemical, fluorescence, microfluidic, and remote sensing technologies for the measurement of phosphorus in water, along with their working principles and limitations. Results: The colorimetric techniques determine the concentration of phosphorus through the use of color-generating reagents. This is specific to a single chemical species and inexpensive to use. The electrochemical techniques operate by using a reaction of the analyte of interest to generate an electrical signal that is proportional to the sample analyte concentration. They show a good linear output, good repeatability, and a high detection capacity. The fluorescence technique is a kind of spectroscopic analysis method. The particles in the sample are excited by irradiation at a specific wavelength, emitting radiation of a different wavelength. It is possible to use this for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the target analyte. The microfluidic techniques incorporate several features to control chemical reactions in a micro device of low sample volume and reagent consumption. They are cheap and rapid methods for the detection of phosphorus in water. The remote sensing technique analyzes the sample for the target analyte using an optical technique, but without direct contact. It can cover a wider area than the other techniques mentioned in this review. Conclusion: It is concluded that the sensing technologies reviewed in this study are promising for rapid detection of phosphorus in water. The measurement range and sensitivity of the sensors have been greatly improved recently.

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-30
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• 2007

In this paper we have provided an extensive survey of the databases and other resources related to the current research in bioinformatics and the issues that confront the database researcher in helping the biologists. Initially we give an overview of the concepts and principles that are fundamental in understanding the basis of the data that has been captured in these databases. We briefly trace the evolution of biological advances and point out the importance of capturing data about genes, the fundamental building blocks that encode the characteristics of life and proteins that are the essential ingredients for sustaining life. The study of genes and proteins is becoming extremely important and is being known as genomics and proteomics, respectively. Whereas there are numerous databases related to various subfields of biology, we have maintained a focus on genomic and proteomic databases which are the crucial stepping stones for other fields and are expected to play an important role in the future applications of biology and medicine. A detailed listing of these databases with information about their sizes, formats and current status is presented. Related databases like molecular pathways and interconnection network databases are mentioned, but their full coverage would be beyond the scope of a single paper. We comment on the peculiar nature of the data in biology that presents special problems in organizing and accessing these databases. We also discuss the capabilities needed for database development and information management in the bioinformatics arena with particular attention to ontology development. Two research case studies based on our own research are summarized dealing with the development of a new genome database called Mitomap and the creation of a framework for discovery of relationships among genes from the biomedical literature. The paper concludes with an overview of the applications that will be driven from these databases in medicine and healthcare. A glossary of important terms is provided at the end of the paper.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.379-399
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• 2013

In practice, analysis of laterally loaded piles is carried out using beams on non-linear Winkler springs model (often known as p-y method) due to its simplicity, low computational cost and the ability to model layered soils. In this approach, soil-pile interaction along the depth is characterized by a set of discrete non-linear springs represented by p-y curves where p is the pressure on the soil that causes a relative deformation of y. p-y curves are usually constructed based on semi-empirical correlations. In order to construct API/DNV proposed p-y curve for clay, one needs two values from the monotonic stress-strain test results i.e., undrained strength ($s_u$) and the strain at 50% yield stress (${\varepsilon}_{50}$). This approach may ignore various features for a particular soil which may lead to un-conservative or over-conservative design as not all the data points in the stress-strain relation are used. However, with the increasing ability to simulate soil-structure interaction problems using highly developed computers, the trend has shifted towards a more theoretically sound basis. In this paper, principles of Mobilized Strength Design (MSD) concept is used to construct a continuous p-y curves from experimentally obtained stress-strain relationship of the soil. In the method, the stress-strain graph is scaled by two coefficient $N_C$ (for stress) and $M_C$ (for strain) to obtain the p-y curves. $M_C$ and $N_C$ are derived based on Semi-Analytical Finite Element approach exploiting the axial symmetry where a pile is modelled as a series of embedded discs. An example is considered to show the application of the methodology.