• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.483-488
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• 2003

There are still debates in the literature on the relative benefits of blood cardioplegia and crystalloid cardioplegia in pediatric cardiac surgery. We performed a clinical trial to compare the myocardial protective effect between HTK solution and blood cardioplegic solution in congenital heart surgery. Material and Method: 15 patients who underwent HTK solution cardioplegia (group 1) and 15 patients who underwent blood cardioplegia(group 2) were included in this study. Preoperative and postoperative serial serum cardiac enzyme levels (troponin I, CK-MB, LDH) were measured in all patients. Clinical data were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Result: There were no differences in age and body weight between the two groups. Operative diagnosis included ventricular septal defect (VSD, n＝4), atrial septal defect (ASD, n＝1), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF, n＝4), and other complex heart diseases (n＝6) in group 1, VSD (n＝7), ASD (n＝5), and TOF (n＝3) in group 2. Cardiopulmonary bypass times were 99.1$\pm$48.1 minutes in group 1, and 69.3$\pm$27.3 minutes in group 2 (p＝0,02). Aortic clamping times were 52.1$\pm$23.6 minutes in group 1, and 37.9$\pm$20.5 minutes in group 2 (p＝0.07). There was no mortality and spontaneous defibrillation was possible in all patients. No differences were observed in the serial enzyme levels between the two groups. There were no differences in the duration of inotropic support and ventilator time between the two groups. Conclusion: HTK solution provided comparable myocardial protection compared with blood cardioplegic solution. A single high dose of HTK solution may be safely and conveniently used for an extended periods as well in congenital heart surgery.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.12 s.257
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• pp.835-843
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• 2005

Background: Cancer of the esophagus is one of the most malignant tumors with poor prognosis. The p53 gene alteration, over expression of Cyclin D1, and Ki67 index were thought to be the prognostic factors. However, their clinical significances in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma are controversial and p53 accumulation may not correlate with genetic mutation. The current study investigates their prognostic significance in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Material and Method: The Subjects studied were 124 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients who underwent esophagectomy. The mutation of p53, over expression of Cyclin D1, Ki67 labelling index, mitotic index were examined by using an immunohistochemical staining. We compared the results and investigated the correlation with the mutation of p53, overexpression of Cyclin D1, Ki67 labelling index, mitotic index and tumor size, and duration of survival. Result: There was no correlation between the results in immunohistochemical staining according to age, sex, tumor size, Iymph node status, and clinical stage of the disease. Mutant p53 protein was found in 69 cases (55.6$\%$). Median survival time was 21 months in cases with negative for mutant p53 protein and 22 months in positive cases. There was no significant difference in survival (p=0.46). Median survival time was 22 months in cases with negative for Cyclin D1 and 16 months in positive cases (p=0.18). Median and mean survival time was 22 months and 36 months when Ki67 labeling index was 40 or less (102 cases). Median and mean survival was 16 months and 23 months, when Ki67 labeling index was more than 40 (22 cases). There was significant difference in survival rate (p=0.011). Conciusion: Positivity of p53 and cyclin D1 was not useful in predicting the prognosis in our study. There was no significant correlation among mutant p53 protein accumulation, Cyclin D1 over expression, and Ki67 labeling index. However, in several studies, PCR single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of p53 showed a correlation to the prognosis. We thought that there was a significant discordance between p53 gene mutation and mutant p53 protein accumulation. When Ki67 labeling index was more than 40, prognosis was poorer, Ki67 seems to be a prognostic factor in our study. Therefore, we confirmed the possibility of using molecular markers as prognostic factors.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.12 s.257
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• pp.815-820
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• 2005

Background: Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is a rare congenital cardiac disease. There have been various surgical options, but there are still controversies. Material and Method: Fourteen neonates who were operated on between 1999 and 2000 were enrolled in this study. We measured Z-value of tricuspid valve by echocardiography. We performed right ventricular outflow tract transannular patch in 9 patients. Modified Blalock-Taussig shunt was placed according to the condition of patients. Mean follow up period was 46.0 months. Result: There were 2 operative mortality and 1 late mortality. Biventricular repair was possible in 7 patients. One and a half ventricular repair were done in 3 (tricuspid valve Z-value was -2, -2.5 and -3) and single ventricular repair in 2 patients (tricuspid z-value was -4.6, -4.5) The tricuspid valve Z-value for the patients who had biventricular repair and one and a half ventricular repair were -0.8$\pm$1.50 (-3.2$\∼$1.2) and -2.5$\∼$0.5 (-3$\∼$ -2) respectively. All patients who survived had fair to good right ventricular function, good left ventricular function and good clinical states. Conclusion: Neonatal surgical management of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum has a good surgical outcome, z-value of tricuspid may be helpful for the determination of surgical options.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 2016

Modern optical mechanisms slanted toward Ocular-centrism have neglected diverse functions of vision, judged objects in abstract and binary perspectives, and organized spaces accordingly, there by neglecting the function of eyes groping objects. Recently, various experiences have been induced through communication with other senses by the complex perception beyond the binary perception system of vision. Haptic perception is dynamic vision that induces accompanying bodily experiences through interaction among the various senses; it recognizes the characteristics of material properties and various sensitive stimulations of human beings. This study elaborates on the major features of haptic perception by examining the theoretical background of this concept, which stimulates the active experience of the subject and determines how characteristics of haptic perception are displayed in picturesque gardens. In order to identify the major features of haptic perception, this study examines how Adolf Hildebrand's theory of vision is developed, expanded, and reinterpreted by Alois Riegl, Wilhelm Worringer, Walter Benjamin, Maurice Merleau Ponty, and Gilles Deleuze in the histories of philosophy and aesthetics. Based thereon, the core differences in haptic perception models and visual perception models are analyzed, and the features of haptic perception are identified. Then, classical gardens are set for visual perception and picturesque gardens are set for haptic perception so that the features from haptic perception identified previously are projected onto the picturesque gardens. The research results drawn from this study regarding features of haptic perception presented in picturesque gardens are as follows. The core differences of haptic perception in contrast to visual perception can be summarized as ambiguity and obscureness of boundaries, generation of dynamic perspectives, induction of motility by indefinite circulation, and strangeness and sublime beauty by the impossibility of perception. In picturesque gardens, the ambiguity and obscureness of boundaries are presented in the irregularity and asymmetric elements of planes and the rejection of a single view, and the generation of dynamic perspectives results from the adoption of narrative structure and overlapping of spaces through the creation of complete views, medium range views, and distant views, which the existing gardens lack. Thus, the scene composition technique is reproduced. The induction of motility by indefinite circulation is created by branching circulation, and strangeness and sublime beauty are presented through the use of various elements and the adoption of 'roughness', 'irregularity', and 'ruins' in the gardens.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to confirm the feasibility of imaging of therapy region from the boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) using the measurement of the prompt gamma ray depending on the neutron flux. Through the Monte Carlo simulation, we performed the verification of physical phenomena from the BNCT; (1) the effects of neutron according to the existence of boron uptake region (BUR), (2) the internal and external measurement of prompt gamma ray dose, (3) the energy spectrum by the prompt gamma ray. All simulation results were deducted using the Monte Carlo n-particle extended (MCNPX, Ver.2.6.0, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA) simulation tool. The virtual water phantom, thermal neutron source, and BURs were simulated using the MCNPX. The energy of the thermal neutron source was defined as below 1 eV with 2,000,000 n/sec flux. The prompt gamma ray was measured with the direction of beam path in the water phantom. The detector material was defined as the lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (Lu0,6Y1,4Si0,5:Ce; LYSO) scintillator with lead shielding for the collimation. The BUR's height was 5 cm with the 28 frames (bin: 0.18 cm) for the dose calculation. The neutron flux was decreased dramatically at the shallow region of BUR. In addition, the dose of prompt gamma ray was confirmed at the 9 cm depth from water surface, which is the start point of the BUR. In the energy spectrum, the prompt gamma ray peak of the 478 keV was appeared clearly with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the 41 keV (energy resolution: 8.5%). In conclusion, the therapy region can be monitored by the gamma camera and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using the measurement of the prompt gamma ray during the BNCT.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1822-1831
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• 2015

This study was carried out to optimize coating process of the rice snack added with dried shrimp powder by using single extruder. A total of 8 independent variables were used for 4 independent variables of edible oil coating and 4 independent variables of seasoning coating. 4 independent variables for edible oil coating were set up as 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% for the content of edible oil; 40, 50, 60, 70 and $80^{\circ}C$ for the tumbler temperature; 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 rpm for the tumbler speed; 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 min for the coating time. 4 independent variables for seasoning coating were set up as 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6% for the content of seasoning; 40, 50, 60, 70 and $80^{\circ}C$ for the tumbler temperature; 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 rpm for the tumbler speed; 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 min for the coating time. The characteristics of the dependent variables as coating yield and Breaking ratio of collet due to the condition changes of the independent variable was studied during process of edible oil coating and seasoning coating, respectively. As a results of this study, 20% of edible oil content, $70^{\circ}C$ of tumbler temperature, 80 rpm of tumbler speed, 4 min of coating time for process of edible oil coating, 3% of seasoning content, $60^{\circ}C$ of tumbler temperature, 70 rpm of tumbler speed, 3 min of coating time for process of seasoning coating were found to be the most preferable over other independent variables for the production of snack. In conclusion, it is necessary to set the independent variable in order to produce the high quality snack added with the rice as the main raw material and dried shrimp, edible oil and seasoning as the sub-materials.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.241-260
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• 1995

The Maori's traditional clothing materials, basic forms of dress, and the pattern and technique of tatoo were examined in the present study in order to deepen the appreciation of the cultural heritage of the Maori. The research method employed was the analysis of written materials. And a fild-trip was also made for the study. The study was limitted to the traditional culture of body adornment of the Maori including the clothing which is preserved and practicing by them at the present day, and the origin and the process of the historical development of those are not included in the scope of the present study. Followings are the results of the study: (1) By far the most widely used fiber for Maori clothing is abtained from what is commonly called New Zealand Flax. The fiber of kiekie(Freycinetia baueriana) and cabbage trees(Cordyline spp.) may also be used. The strong, long-lasting fiber of toi(cordyline indivisa) is used for a prestige warrior's cloak. Flat strips of ti kauka(Cordyline australi) are also used as thatch on rain cloaks. (2) Regardless of technique used, Maori weaving is always worked horizontally from left to right. Traditionally the work was suspended between two upright turuturu or weaving sticks. As the work progressed a second pair of uprights was used to keep the work off the ground. These uprights were moved forward as required. Because the weaver sat on the ground, the working edge was kept at a height that was comfortable to reach. No weaving tools are used, the wefts(aho) being manipulated by the fingers. The two main Maori weaving techniques are whatu aho patahi(single-pair twining) and whatu aho rua(double-pair twining). (3) The Maori wore two basic garments - a waist met and a cloak. The cloth of commoners were of plain manufacture, while those of people of rank were superior, sometimes being decorated with feather or dyed tags and decorated borders. Children ran more-or-less naked until puberty, being dressed only for special events. Some working dress consisted of nothing more than belts with leaves thrust under them. Chiefs and commoners usually went barefoot, using rough sandals on journeys over rough country (4) The adornment of men and women of rank was an important matter of tribal concern as it was in chiefly persons that prestige of the group was centred, The durable items of Maori persons adornment were either worn or carried. Ornaments of various kinds were draped about the neck or suspended from pierced earlobes. Combs decorated the head. Personal decorations not only enhanced the appearance of men and women, but many had protective magical function. The most evident personal ornament was the hei-tiki made of jade or other material. Maori weapons were treasured by their owners. They served on bottle and were also personal regalia. A man of rank was not fully dressed without a weapon in hand. Also weapons were essential to effective oratory. (5) No man or woman of rank went without some tattoo adornment except in extremely rare instances when a person was too sacred to have any blood shed. The untattooed were marked as beeing commoners of no social standing. This indelible mark of rank was begun, with appropriate rite and ritual, at puberty. And tattoo marked the person as being of a marriageable age. Maori tattoo was unlike most traditional tattoo in that its main line were 'engraved' on the face with deep cuts made by miniature bone chisels. The fill-in areas were not tattooed with cuts but with the multiple pricks of small bone 'combs' that only lightly penetrated the skin surface. The instrument of tattoo consisted of small pots of pumice or wood into which was placed a wetted black pigment made from burnt kauri gum, burnt vegetable caterpillars or other sooty materials. A bird bone chisel or comb set at right angles on a short wooden handle was dipped into the gigment, that a rod or stick was used to tap head of this miniature adze, causing penetration of the skin surface. Black pigment lodged under the skin took on a bluish tinge. A full made facial tattoo consisted of major spirals with smaller spirals on each side of the nose and sweeping curved lines radiating out from between the brows over the forehead and from the nose to the chin. The major patterns were cut deep, while the secondary koru patterns were lightly pricked into the skin.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 2017

Mineral trioxide aggregate have been used for many years as a pulp therapy material. The most widely used product, Proroot white $MTA^{(R)}$ has a major drawback that it causes tooth discoloration. This study assessed discoloration of crown when various MTA-based materials were placed in the coronal aspect of the root canal. Seventy-five single-rooted, unrestored premolar teeth were selected. The teeth were randomly assigned to four experimental groups, each of $Biodentine^{(R)}$, Proroot $wMTA^{(R)}$, $Endocem^{(R)}$, $RetroMTA^{(R)}$ and one negative control groups. Color measurements were utilized by the Commission International de I'Eclairage's L*a*b* system with spectrophotometer. The color was assessed eight times : initial, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, and 16 weeks after the placement. Statistical analysis was performed using the 2-way repeated analysis of variance and Bonferroni's method with p < 0.05. Proroot $wMTA^{(R)}$ induced significant decreases in $L^*$ values during experiment period. Tooth samples from the $Endocem^{(R)}$ group presented indistinct grayish color changes. The $Biodentine^{(R)}$ and $RetroMTA^{(R)}$ showed color stability. Consequently, while Proroot $wMTA^{(R)}$ and $Endocem^{(R)}$ that contain bismuth oxide as a radiopacifier showed tooth discoloration, displayed no sign of discoloration $Biodentine^{(R)}$ and $RetroMTA^{(R)}$ that contain zirconium oxide as a radiopacifier.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.406-415
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• 2020

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most valuable agricultural crops and is grown under a wide spectrum of environmental conditions. However, maize is moderately sensitive to salt stress, and soil salinity is a serious threat to its production worldwide. In this study, we used ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) to generate salt-tolerant silage maize mutants. We screened salt-tolerant lines from 203 M₃ mutant populations by evaluating the morphological phenotype after salt stress treatment and selected the 140ES91 line. The 140ES91 mutant showed improved plant growth as well as higher proline content and leaf photosynthetic capacity compared with those of wild-type plants under salt stress conditions. Using whole-genome re-sequencing analysis, 1,103 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 71 insertions or deletions were identified as common variants between KS140 and 140ES91 in comparison with the reference genome B73. Furthermore, the expression patterns of three genes, which are involved in salt stress responses, were increased in the 140ES91 mutant under salt stress. Taken together, the mutant line identified in our study could be used as an improved breeding material for transferring salt tolerance traits in maize varieties.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.670-678
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• 1994

The effects of amylase addition during extrusion cooking of rice on the physico-chemical properties of the extrudates were investigated in order to develop rice-based Korean style weaning food products. A laboratory-built single screw extruder was used, the enzymes used were Termamyl 120LS(amylase from Bacillus licheniformis, NOVO Co.), BAN 240L(amylase from Bacillus amylolichuefaciens, NOVO Co.) and malt powder. By the addition of enzymes, the water soluble index of the extrudates increased by 3 times compared to that of the extrudates without enzyme and the concentration of reducing sugar in the extrudates increased drastically at 28 feed moisture. The gel permeation chromatographic pattern showed that the large molecular starch fractions diminished by the addition of enzyme during extrusion and the low molecular fraction increased. The residual enzyme activity in the extrudate were 27% for the most thermo-resistance enzyme by treating at $140^{\circ}C$ in the metering section of the extruder. The sediment volume of the extrudate dispersion increased as the metering section temperature increased to $140^{\circ}C$ . By the addition of enzymes the viscosity of extrudate dispersion was redused $1/4{\sim}1/200$ of that of the extrudates without enzyme. It allowed to use 1.8 times of solid material to the weaning food formulation to attain the same level of consistency as the commercial products. It proves that the addition of amylase during rice extrusion is effective to increase the energy density of weaning food by starch degradation, which results in the increases of water solubility, reducing sugar content, dispersibility and fluidability.