• 디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1025-1032
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• 2017

최근 국내 대중가요 시장은 디지털 음원을 중심으로 규모가 증가하고 있다. 2012년~2016년도의 연간 음원차트 100위권의 곡을 디지털 음원과 악보를 통해 분석한 결과 연평균 BPM은 5년간 총 11.26 하락하였다. 매년 음악 스타일은 다양화 되었고, 특히 힙합의 비중이 2012년 8.5%에서 2015년 17.8%까지 2배가량 높아졌다. 댄스음악과 발라드의 선호비율은 높았으나, 둘의 관계는 반비례 형태이다. 가수 구성은 여성솔로와 남성그룹의 비율이 반비례하였다. 특히 곡의 빠르기와 장단조의 관계는 느린 템포 곡은 장조의 비율이 81.42%였고, 빠른 템포 곡은 단조가 53.85%를 차지하였다. TV드라마 OST의 경우 가수 구성에서 솔로 가수의 곡을 선호하였으며, 음악스타일은 팝이 80%를 차지하였으며, 발라드가 20%를 차지하였다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.68-78
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 GPS에 의해 측정된 차량의 주행 궤적을 지도상의 도로와 매칭시키기 위한 새로운 지도매칭 알고리즘을 제안한다 이는 차량항법장치에서 중요한 기능인 차량의 위치 정밀도를 간접적으로 향상시켜 준다 제안한 알고리즘은 주행중인 차량을 Singer 모델의 상태방정식으로써 모델링한 후 칼만 필터를 적용하여 차량의 위치를 정확히 도로 위로 위치시킴과 동시에 위치정확도를 개선시켜 준다 그리고 교차로에서는 실제 주행경로를 정확히 판단하기 어렵기 때문에 칼만 필터링에 의해 추정된 위치값을 선형회귀(linear regression) 시킴으로써 차량의 진행 방향각을 결정한 다음 각 도로의 방향각과 비교하여 치량의 주행경로를 판단하도록 한다

• 응용통계연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.117-127
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• 1991

결정계수 $R^2$은 회귀분석에서 실제적으로는 매우 이용도가 높은 기술 측도라고 하겠으나, 회귀모형이 절편향을 포함하는 표준적인 선형회귀모형 이외인 경우에는 결정계수의 정의에 관하여 여러 논란이 있어 왔다. 절편항이 없는 선형회귀모형에서와 가중선형회귀모형, 로버스트 선형회귀모형에서의 결정계수의 적절한 정의와 용법이 대표적인 문제라고 하겠다. 기존의 여러 연구, 예를 들어 Kvalseth(1985) 나 Willet and Singer(1988)에서는 이러한 각 경우에 각기 적용될 수 있는 결정계수의 여러 변형들을 제안 $\cdot$ 이런 기존의 연구들이 일반적인 원칙이 없이 경우별로 단편적으로 대응하고 있을뿐더러 약간의 오류를 포함하고 있어 오히려 통계전문가가 아닌 통계 이용자들에게 혼란을 불러 일으킬 염려가 있다. 따라서 결정계수의 일반적 정의를 제안한 본 연구는 현재와 같은 결정계수의 여러변종의 범람으로 인한 혼란을 없애는 데 기여하리라고 생각된다. 이 통합결정계수는 尤度거리(likelihood distance)를 이용하여 정의되는데, 선형회귀모형 이외에도 비선형 회귀모형과 일반화 선형모형에 일관되게 적용 가능하다는 장점을 갖는다.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.152-157
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• 2001

Background : Electrolarynx, Esophageal voice, and Silicone voice prosthesis with tracheoesophageal(T-E) fistula have been used as vocal rehabilitating methods for the post-laryngectomized patients. Prosthetic rehabilitation of voice after total laryngectomy has gained wide acceptance and has become a common practice in many clinics since the pioneering works of Singer and Blom In 1979. Since the introduction of tracheo-esophageal puncture and application of Blom Singer$\circledR$ voice prosthesis in 1980, several reliable voice prostheses have been developed and are successfully being used. Objectives : Even though quality of voice produced by Silicone voice prosthesis with T-E fistula is superior to other modalities, it still has some disadvantages. We devised a new cannulatyped silicone voice prosthesis. Methods : 1) Devising a new prototype of cannula-typed silicone voice prosthesis. 2) Application of the prototype using canine animal model(laryngectormized dog) and fitting trial on human patient whose previously inserted Silicone voice prosthesis is not functioning due to presumed fungal infection. Discussion : Final form of prototype was made after several times of major and minor modifications. Insertion of the newly developed Cannula-typed Silicone voice prosthesis on canine animal model and human trial were done without any difficulty. There were no serious leakage of saliva or food during swallowing. Conclusion : The newly developed Cannula-typed Silicone voice prosthesis(So-Mang$\circledR$) and the modified replacement method will further improve the results of post-laryngectomized prosthetic voice rehabilitation. Long-term animal study and human trial are planned in the near future.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.14-16
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• 2006

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of vocal tract length according to the level of the pitch by the singers. Materials and Methods: Fifteen tenors were asked to produce successive /a/ sound in G4(382Hz) for the head register, C3(131Hz) for the chest register and usual speaking sound. The control group consisted of 15 males of an similar age who are not professional singers. The length of vocal tract was calculated by applying the formula of Fn=(2n-1) c/4L(F : formant frequency, c : the speed of sound in the vocal tract(350m/sec), L : length of vocal tract, $n=1,2,3,4,{\ldots}{\infty}$). Results: In singer's group, there showed no significant statistical difference of length among head and chest register and usual speaking sound. However in the control group, there showed statistically significant difference of length. Comparison of the absolute difference in the length of vocal tract by changing level of pitch in phonation, between the control group and the singers group. Changing from G4 phonation to C3 phonation and C3 phonation to usual speaking sound showed statistically difference of vocal tract length was less in the singers group than the control group. Conclusion: The change of vocal tract length, in either speaking or singing, was less in singers than the control group. We could assume that the singers maintain their larynx position constantly throughout the pitch range when phonation.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.408-413
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• 2015

최근 원음 반주기에 대한 관심이 증가됨에 따라 고가의 스튜디오 직접 녹음 방법 대신 보다 저렴한 방법을 시도하고 있다. 그 구체적인 방법으로는 가수의 음악 앨범에서 가수의 목소리만 제거하여 원음 반주 음원을 만드는 것이다. 본 논문에서는 보컬이 포함된 구간에서 스테레오로 녹음된 반주음악에서 보컬을 분리하는 시스템을 제안한다. 제안하는 시스템은 두 단계로 구성된다. 첫 단계는 보컬을 검출하는 단계이다. 이 단계에서는 MFCC를 가지고 SVM 방법을 이용하여 입력 신호를 보컬 부분과 비보컬 부분으로 분리한다. 두 번째 단계에서는 보컬 부분에 대해 각 주파수 빈별로 선택적 주파수 차감을 수행한다. 이 때 채널 신호의 주파수 빈별로 에너지 값 뿐만 아니라 위상까지 고려하여 차감 여부를 판별한다. 제안하는 방법으로 보컬을 제거한 음악에 대한 청취 실험에서 상대적으로 높은 만족도를 보여준다.

• 복식
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• 제45권
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• pp.133-146
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• 1999

Because adolescents are much inflicted with the sense of obsession in endless competition with their feers the costume of the pop singers relieving this agony and anxiety is becoming the object of immitation more than that of any oother entertainer. In this perspective it was thought that it was very necessary to attempt to investigate what relationship sense of mental anxiety the costume singers recently have worn had with adolescents sense of anxiety. The anxiety questionnaire used by Chu Young-sook and Kim Jung-hui and the questionnaire drawn up as the result- of the pilot-test and the pre-test were used and the questionnaires drawn up by a total of 228 middle schoolgirls in seoul were used a sfinal data of annalysis. Of them the anxiety questionnaire was made up of 8 sub-scales such as classic·social·morbid·learning examination·school record·poverty·war and other to anxieties. in order to survey the overall content concerning the costume of the singers preferred by teenagers the other questionnaire presented three vaiables such as musicality fashionability and dance as the distinct characteristics of singers and hiphop style tidy style and sexy style of clothing as the style of clothing preferred of singers' clothing. The importance fashionability and imitability of clothing were investigated as variables in relation to singers' clothing behavior. The SPSS PC+ program was used as the analytic method of data which were tested by the frequency analysis Duncan's multiple anaylsis of variance t-test and so on. As a result of investigation middle schoolgirls having a high level of learning and examinatior anxieties preferred the singers excellent in musicality while middle schoolgirls having a lower level of classic anxiety preferred the singers excellent in fashionability and dance wearing the hiphop style of clothing. And it was shown that middle schoolgirls having a lower level of classic anxiety preferred the singers wearing the clothing of sexy style. In the light of these results it was shown that there was the correlation between anxiety and clothing preference. Accordingly it is thought that the purpose of this study was achieved to some exent.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2007년도 한국음성과학회 공동학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.143-145
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• 2007

Muscle groups that are located in and around the vocal tract can produce audible changes in frequency and/or intensity of the voice. Vocal vibrato is a characteristic feature in the singing of performers trained in the western classical tradition and vibrato is generally considered to result from modulation in frequency amplitude and timbre. Vocal tremor is also characterized by periodic fluctuations in the voice frequency or intensity and vocal tremor is symptom of a neurological disease as Spasmodic dysphonia , Parkinson's disease. Vocal vibrato and Vocal tremor may have many of the same origins and mechanisms in the voice production systems. The purpose of this study is to find acostic character of Korean traditional song Pansori singer's vibrato and Spasmodic dysphonia patient's vocal tremor. twelve Pansori singers and seven Spasmodic dysponia patients participated to this study. Power spectrum and Real time Spectrogram are used to analyze the acoustic characteristics of Pansori singing and Spasmodic dysphonia patient's voice The results are as follows; First, vowel formant differences between Pansori singing and Spasmodic dysphonia patient's voice are higher F1, F3. Second, The vibrato rate show differences between Pansori singing and Spasmodic dysphonia patients;$4^{\sim}6/sec$ and $5{\sim}6/sec$ Vibrato rate of pitch is 5.7 Hz ${\sim}$ 42.4 Hz for Pansori singing , 3.8 Hz ${\sim}$ 27.9 Hz for Spasmodic dysphonia patients ;Vibrato rate of intensity range is 0.07 dB ${\sim}$ 8.26 dB for Pansori singing and 0.07 dB ${\sim}$ 4.81 dB for Spasmodic dysphonia patients

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.159-174
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the health care expenditure of elderly single and elderly couple households whose head is more than 60 years old. The data analyzed for the study were Korean Retirement and Income Study(KRelS) conducted in 2007 by National Pension Corporation. The major finding of this study were as follows: First, the amount of health care expenditure of elderly single households was lower than that of elderly couple households. However, ratio of health care expenditure to total consumption expenditure of elderly single households was larger than that of elderly couple households. Second, the ratio of health care expenditure in consumption expenditure in this study was larger than the ratios in past analyse showed in the previous studies. Third, common factor affecting on health care expenditure of elderly single and elderly couple households was the existence of the family member with chronic disease or handicap. The health care expenditure of elderly singer households was influenced by income, gender and the ownership of national health insurance. The influence of income for elderly singer households seemed to be greater than for elderly couple households. The variables which affected health care expenditure of elderly couple households were age and housing tenure status. The amount and ratio health care expenditure were increased as the age increases. These results show that the health care expenditures for each groups varied according to socio-demographic variables and health-related behavior variables. It is suggested that there should be a discriminative health care policy for each elderly single and elderly couple households. In addition, the health care policy for the elderly households of which member has a chronic disease is certainly necessary. Especially a health care plan for the elderly single households with lower income is in need. For the elderly couple households, the priority group of health care policy would be the high age group.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2011

저자들은 한국산 균류의 종다양성 조사를 실시하여 왔으며, 그 중 주름버섯목 의 무명버섯속, 만가닥버섯속, 그늘버섯속, 외대버섯속과 젖버섯속에 속하는 5종 (장미무명버섯, 애만가닥버섯, 흰그늘버섯, 꼬마외대버섯과 치마젖버섯)이 한국미 기록종으로 확인되었다. 미기록종에 대한 미세구조와 특징을 기술하고 한국명을 신칭하여 보고한다. 사용된 모든 표본은 국립농업과학원 식물균류표본보존센타 (HCCN)에 보존되어 있다.