• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.308-314
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• 2004

Atelocollagen have been used recently in skin and other soft tissue defect regions more than silicone fluid because of the low incidence of an immune reaction and complications. Several cases of acute pneumonitis after a subcutaneous injection of silicone have been reported. The symptoms were dyspnea, fever, chest pain and hemoptysis. Previous reports have explained the pathophysiology of acute pneumonitis to a pulmonary microembolism and cellular inflammation. We experienced two cases of an acute interstitial pneumonitis and pulmonary hemorrhage after a subcutaneous injection of atelocollagen. They were all healthy young women and complained of dyspnea, fever and blood tinged sputum. The chest radiography and computerized tomography showed a bilateral ground glass opacity in both lung fields. One case recovered completely with conservative treatment but the clinical course of the other case was aggravated to the degree that invasive positive pressure ventilation therapy was required. We report a rare case of a diffuse pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and an interstitial pneumonitis after the subcutaneous injection of atelocollagen for cosmetic purposes.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 1993

While ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is considered a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines, difluoromethylornithine(DFMO) acts as an inhibitor of polyamine synthesis. Cycling crossbred gilts were randomly assigned to one of two (treatment and control) groups (6/group). An indwelling silicone catheter was surgically implanted in the jugular vein of each animal. DFMO was dissolved in saline(200 mg/ml) and adminstered by i. m. injection at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day. The control group received an equivalent volume saline injection. DFMO was injected 3 times daily(08:00. 16:00. 24:00h) from day 16 of estrous cycle to 21 or until estrus. Once daily blood samples (10ml) were taken from day 14 until two days after the last DFMO treatment. Window blood samples were collected every 15 min for 8 h (from 08:00 to 16:00h) starting on day 16 and continuing until day 21 from one gilt per day. Serum progesterone (P$_4$), estradiol (E$_2$), LH and FSH were measured. Typical concentration profiles for P$_4$ and E$_2$ were seen during the follicular phase regardless of DFMO treatment. Injection of DFMO suppressed the preovulatory LH concentration in the serum(p<0.01) while having no effect on FSH profile. The present results indicate that DFMO had an inhibitory effect on LH secretion in the pig, but did not affect PI, E2 or FSH release.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.69 no.4
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• pp.288-292
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• 2010

Exogenous lipoid pneumonia occurs rarely in healthy people. In most cases, exogenous lipoid pneumonia is usually caused by aspiration of mineral, vegetable, or animal oil. We report the case of 42-year-old woman, who have experienced lipoid pneumonia after silicon injection into her breast for cosmetic purposes. The patient experienced fever, dyspnea, sputum, and hemoptysis after silicon injection into her breast. Chest computed tomography demonstrated non- segmental distribution of bilateral consolidation in both lung fields. A transbronchial lung biopsy specimen shows foamy microphages in alveolar spaces. Papanicolaous staining of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed abundant foamy marcrophages and many neutrophils. With these results, we confirmed lipoid pneumonia was associated with silicon oil injection into breast.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1222-1235
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• 2004

This study examines the influence of geometry on the internal flow and macroscopic behavior of the spray in Diesel nozzles. For this investigation, two bi-orifice nozzles were employed: one cylindrical and one conical. The first step is to use a non-destructive characterization method which is based on the production of silicone moulds so that the precise internal geometry of the two nozzles can be measured. At this stage the nozzles have been characterized dimensionally and therefore the internal flow can be studied using CFD calculations. The results gained from this experiment make it possible also to ascertain the critical cavitation conditions. Once the critical cavitation conditions have been identified, the macroscopic parameters of the spray can be studied in both cavitating and non-cavitating conditions using a test rig pressurized with nitrogen and with the help of a image acquisition system and image processing software. Consequently, research can be carried out to determine the influence that cavitation has on macroscopic spray behavior. From the point of view of the spray macroscopic behavior, the main conclusion of the paper is that cavitation leads to an increment of the spray cone angle. On the other hand, from the point of view of the internal flow, the hole outlet velocity increases when cavitation appears. This phenomenon can be explained by the reduction in the cross section of the liquid phase in the outlet section of the hole.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2021

Background: Various substances are currently being used for cosmetic or postsurgical reconstruction reasons. Injecting of various materials into the face may provoke inflammatory or granulomatous reactions, infection and tissue necrosis. Among these reactions are foreign body granulomas. This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics of and therapeutic approaches used in patients with facial foreign body granulomas caused by the injection of various substances. Methods: From 2007 to 2020, a total of 64 patients visited our hospital due to inflammatory signs, palpable masses or surface irregularities. We reviewed patient characteristics, type of injected material, medical history and treatment outcomes. The treatment results were scored with patient satisfaction and statistical analysis of the treatment period was performed. Results: Most patients underwent conservative treatment followed by surgical treatment because of persistent symptoms; one patient did not require surgery. All patients reported good treatment results and satisfaction. The earlier the surgical treatment was performed, the shorter the treatment period and the higher patient satisfaction scoring. Conclusion: Granulomatous changes to the face are an emerging concern in various cosmetic procedures and surgeries, including fillers, silicone implants and autologous fat injections. Our findings strongly suggest that patient symptoms require accurate diagnosis and surgical treatment.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.233-238
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• 2010

Purpose: As the use of soft tissue fillers becomes more popular, complications such as foreign body granuloma (FBG) are increasing. We report 120 cases of facial FBG and review the available literatures. Methods: 120 patients of facial FBG in our clinic from Mar. 2003 to Feb. 2008 were complied and analyzed. A retrospective chart review was done and patient satisfaction was evaluated with a questionnaire using 5 score scale. Patients with severe inflammation sign or bizarre deformity underwent surgical excision and those with minimal symptoms or a history of hyaluronic acid injection received injection therapy using hyaluronidase. Results: 100 females and 20 males were observed. The average age was 43.7 years (from 16 to 74). 84 patients received surgical therapy and 36, injection therapy. Deformity of facial contour, foreign body sensation and inflammation sign were the three main chief complaints. 84 patients did not know what the injection materials were. The known materials are as follows: collagen, hyaluronic acid, silicone oil, paraffin. 92 cases were performed by unlicensed practitioners, 29 by physicians. Anatomical site most frequently affected by the foreign body granuloma was the cheek (25.8%), followed by forehead (19.2%), lips (15.8%), nose (9.2%), mentum (8.3%), eyelid and eyebrow (4.3%) and temple (0.8%). In 21 patients (17.5%), FBGs were found on multiple sites. Patients with inflammation sign got the highest satisfaction ($3.19{\pm}0.73$) (p=0.001) among 3 chief complaints. And patient satisfaction was statistically higher in surgical therapy group ($3.43{\pm}0.72$) than in injection therapy group ($2.97{\pm}0.88$) (p=0.003). Conclusion: We suggest that it may be beneficial to tailor the type of treatment for FBG relying on wound state and patient's chief complaints. In surgical therapy, resolute approach is necessary to correct facial deformity definitely and to minimize inflammation. Injection therapy could be another option for those with minimal symptoms or a history of hyaluronic acid injection. To prevent foreign body granuloma, not only plastic surgeons but also other physicians should inject soft tissue fillers with great caution and we should warn the public of disastrous consequences associated with illegal medical practice.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.227-231
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• 2010

Among various make-up products, foundations are widely used to express clear and flawless skin. Foundations can be classified by its formula to 3 types, liquid foundation, powder foundation, and oil dispersion foundation. Powder foundations are easy to carry and use, so it is commonly possessed. In the R&D point of view, the developing method of powder foundations can be classified again to 3 types. Dry-process, baked-process, and the wet slurry-process. The fact that the wet slurry-process goes through either the back injection method or the front injection method is previously known. The front injection process is used as the main method in this study. We observed the quality dependence on the kind of solvent and the powder coating system. In brief, when water was used as the main solvent, the hardness increased than when volatile silicones or hydrocarbons were used. And the sensory results were shown to prefer volatile solvents (silicones or hydrocarbons) over water. Similarly, when the amino acid-coating system was applied, the hardness was shown to increase, when silicone-coating system shown no specific change. By these results, tailor-made powder foundations targeting specific customer grades can be easily produced.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.232-239
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• 2015

A foreign body granuloma is a non-allergic chronic inflammatory reaction that is mainly composed of multinucleated giant cells. Foreign body granulomas may occur after the administration of any dermal filler. Factors such as the volume of the injection, impurities present in the fillers, and the physical properties of fillers affect granuloma formation. The formation of granulomas involves five phases: protein adsorption, macrophage adhesion, macrophage fusion, and crosstalk. The clinical and pathologic features of granulomas vary depending on the type of filler that causes them. Foreign body granulomas can be treated effectively with intralesional corticosteroid injections. Surgical excisions of granulomas tend to be incomplete because granulomas have ill-defined borders and moreover, surgical excisions may leave scars and deformities.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.51-63
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• 2007

Diabetic foot ulcers result from abnormal mechanical loading of the foot, such as repetitive pressure applied to the plantar aspect of the foot while walking. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy causes changes in foot structure, affecting foot function and subsequently leading to increased plantar foot pressure, which is a predictive risk factor for the development of diabetic foot ulceration. To early identify the insensitive foot makes it possible to prevent diabetic foot ulceration and to protect the foot at risk from abnormal biomechanical loading. Abnormal foot pressures can be reduced using several different approaches, including callus debridement, prescription of special footwear, foot orthosis. injection of liquid silicone, Achilles tendon lengthening, and so forth. Off-loading of the diabetic wound is a key factor to successful wound healing as it is associated with reduced inflammatory and accelerated repair processes. Pressure relief can be achieved using various off-loading modalities including accommodative dressing, walking splints, ankle-foot orthosis, total contact cast, and removable and irremovable cast walkers.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.568-576
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• 1990

Recently, streaming electrification in forced oil cooled power transformer has been taken up as a serious problem. In this paper, the charging tendency of various insulation oils, such as mineral oil, polybutene and silicone oil has been measured by means of an injection type charging tendency measuring apparatus under various condition. The experimental data of the dependence of the leakage current on flow velocity and temperature of oil can be explained by considering the flow state such as laminar and turbulent flow. The effect of additives on the charging tendency of mineral oil has been investigated. BTA is regarded as the most effective retardant to electrification of oil among the additives chose for this investigation.