• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.748-753
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• 2007

Serum biochemical values were measured in blood samples collected from 8 fasted stags from both jugular and femoral veins at 18-day intervals during antler growth. Samples were analyzed for blood substrate, enzyme activity values, minerals and electrolyte. There were no significant differences in total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, triglyceride, glucose or cholesterol concentration between veins or sampling dates. However, total-bilirubin concentration in the jugular vein on the casting date was three times higher than on the other sampling dates (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase with progressing antler growth. The highest level of alkaline phosphatase concentration was on day 55 after casting. There were no significant differences in inorganic phosphorus, sodium and chloride concentration between jugular and femoral samples. Calcium concentration was significantly higher in the femoral vein on the cutting date (55 day) than in the jugular vein (p<0.05). There were few changes in serum biochemical values. However, some electrolytes and minerals had differences during antler growth. It is suggested that despite such a big event as antler growth, blood biochemical values are not variable if feeding conditions are consistently maintained as was the case in this study.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.381-387
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• 1991

Deer hemal nodes were studied by gross anatomy and light microscopy. Hemal nodes were scattered in the periphery of thoracic and abdominal aortae, and spherical or avoid in shape. A hemal node consisted of a thin capsule and a hilum, and had numerous small subcapsular and deep sinuses distended by a great number of erythrocytes. Although a few lymphatic nodules and tissues were seen in the parenchyma, no typical cortex and medulla was defined. Blood vessels occurred, but lymph vessel was not observed in nodes. The parenchyma of the hemal node consisted of many erythrocytes and lymphocytes, and a few granulocytes, plasma cells megakaryocytes and macrophages. The stroma was composed of reticular cells and fibers. The capsule and trabecula was a collagenous connective tissue with smooth myofibers. The above findings suggest that the hemal nodes are involved in blood storage, blood filtration and immune reaction.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.702-705
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• 2003

Forest by-product silage (FPS) comprised of foliage, shrubs, and wild grasses was prepared to examine feeding value as sole roughage source for spotted (sika) deer. This diet was compared with imported oak leaf hay (OLH) and a commercial mixed ration (CMR) in digestion balance trials with spotted deer. Dry matter intake was highest (p<0.05) on the OLH, whereas intakes of the FPS and CMR were similar (p>0.05). Digestibility of dry matter was highest (p<0.05) for CMR. Digestibility of crude protein was highest in CMR and lowest in OLH and there were significant differences (p<0.05) among diets. Average daily gain, digestible dry matter intake and digestibility of crude fiber did not differ significantly among diets. Nitrogen intake, urinary and digestible nitrogen were highest (p<0.05) in CMR. However, nitrogen retention was not significantly different. Consequently, FPS is a good roughage source for deer having high digestibility, dry matter intake and availability of nitrogen.

• BMB Reports
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.114-117
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• 2001

Cervi Parvum Cornu is widely used as a hemopoietic, tonifying, growth-promoting, cardiotonic, and immuno-modulating agent in Korea. In order to develop the quality control method of Cervi Parvum Cornu by the identification of the biological source or origin, the molecular approach was applied using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and PCR-RFLF (PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis. In the PCR analysis of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene and cytochrome b gene regions, no distinctive DNA bands from Cervidae (deer) antlers and Rangifer (reindeer) antlers were observed. However, when the amplified products in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene region were subjected to restriction digestion with TaqI, Cervidae antlers showed an undigested state of 380 by band, differently from two bands of 230 by and 1S0 by from Rangifer antlers. Based on this finding, the base sequences of amplified PCR products in the range of mitochondria) cytochrome b gene from Cervidae antlers and Rangifer antlers were determined and subjected to restriction analysis by various endonucleases. The results showed that antlers from Rangifer species could be simply discriminated with other antlers from 8 Cervidae species (Chinese deer, Russian deer, Hong Kong deer, New Zealand deer, Kazakhstan deer, elk, red deer and Sika deer) by PCR-RFLP analysis using AtuI, HaeIII, HpaII or Sau3AI(MboI) as well as TaqI in the range of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2010

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) commonly infects cloven-hoofed livestock animals such as cattle, pig, sheep, and goat and its clinical signs are well-known. Besides livestock, FMD can be transmitted among cloven-hoofed animals in the wild. FMD mostly affects livestock animals in farms, but, wild animals are likely to play a pivotal role in spreading the disease due to their way of free living. In the case of deer, the clinical signs of FMD vary widely from subclinical to severe infections. Thus, in some deer species, it may be hard to verify clinical signs of FMD. A deer may carry the virus up to 11 weeks after exposure, shedding the virus during the period. However, deer is not considered as a typical host for persistent infection like buffalo, cattle or sheep. In Korea, small-scale livestock farms which have less than 10 animals make up 63.6% of the entire livestock farms. Considering raising environment in deer farms, it is assumed that the risk of virus excretion and consequent transmission of FMD among deers is relatively lower than other cloven-hoofed animals. However, Sika deer and Elk which are typical deer species in Korea would manifest mild to subclinical symptoms upon FMD infection. Therefore, laboratory testing is necessary to confirm FMD in these animals because of difficulty in verifying clinical signs and the risk of virus shedding during inapparent infection.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.943-948
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• 2006

본 연구는 육경절단이 사슴뿔 성장에 있어서 낙각시기, 녹용생산량, 녹용길이에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 실시하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 육경의 외과적 자극과 녹용의 길이성장은 유의성은 없었으나, 2차 년도에는 한쪽 절단구가 가장 길었고 양쪽 절단구가 가장 짧았다, 가지의 발생은 1차 년도에서 외과적 상처가 많을수록 증가하였다(P<0.05). 낙각 시기는 한쪽 절단구가 2주일정도 빨랐다(P<0.05). 육경의 절단두께별 녹용생산량은 육경을 절단하지 않은 구가 148±23g 이였으며, 절단 두께가 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 및 0.6cm로 절단하였을 때 절단된 육경 쪽의 녹용생산량은 126±61.4 179±63.3 170.0±0.0 및 48±25.4g으로 절단두께는 0.4～0.5cm 범위가 가장 양호하였고, 절단두께가 0.6cm 이상인 경우 유의하게 줄어들었다(P<0.05). 녹용생산량은 1년차에서 외과적 상처가 많을수록 증가하였으며, 2차 년도에서는 대조구, 육경 한쪽 절단구 및 양쪽 절단구가 각각 588, 790 및 657g으로 한쪽 절단구가 유의적으로 녹용생산량이 많았다(P<0.05).이상의 결과에서 육경을 절단하면 가지의 발생이 많아지고 녹용의 생산량이 증가하는 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.1303-1308
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate changes in blood enzyme parameters and to evaluate the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), antler growth and body weight during the antler growth of sika deer (Cervus nippon). Serum enzyme activity and IGF-1 concentrations were measured in blood samples collected from the jugular and femoral veins at regular intervals during the antler growth period. Blood samples were taken in the morning from fasted stags (n = 12) which were healthy and showed no clinical signs of disease. Alfalfa was available ad libitum and concentrates were given at 1% of body weight to all stags. The experimental diet was provided at 9 am with water available at all times. There were no significant differences in alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase during antler growth, but alkaline phosphatase concentrations increased with antler growth progression, and the highest alkaline phosphatase concentration was obtained 55 days after antler casting. Serum IGF-1 concentrations measured from blood samples taken from the jugular vein during antler growth, determined that levels of IGF-1 was associated with body weight and antler growth patterns. Serum IGF-1 concentrations were higher at the antler cutting date than other sampling dates. Antler length increased significantly during antler growth (p<0.001), and there was a similar trend to between right and left beams. Body weight increased with antler growth but was not significant. Consequently it appeared that serum alkaline phosphatase concentration was related to antler growth and both antler growth and body weight were associated positively with IGF-1 concentrations during antler growth.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2006

본 연구는 육경에 대한 외과적 자극이 사슴뿔 성장에 있어서 낙각시기, 녹용생산량, 녹용길이에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 실시하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 낙각 시기는 한쪽 절단구가 대조구에 비하여 2주일정도 빨랐다(P<0.05). 육경의 외과적 자극과 녹용의 길이 성장은 유의성은 없었으나, 2차 년도에는 한쪽절단구가 가장 길었고 양쪽절단구가 가장 짧았다. 가지의 발생은 1차 년도에서 외과적 상처가 많을수록 증가하였다.(P<0.05). 육경의 절단두께별 녹용생산량은 육경을 절단하지 않은 구가 $148{\pm}23g$ 이였으며, 절단 두께가 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 및 0.6cm로 절단하였을 때 절단된 육경 쪽의 녹용생산량은 $126{\pm}61.4$ $179{\pm}63.3$ $170.0{\pm}0.0$ 및 $48{\pm}25.4g$으로 절단두께는 0.4~0.5cm 범위가 가장 양호하였으며, 절단한 조직판의 두께가 0.6cm 이상에서는 다른구보다 녹용생산량이 줄어 들었다.(P<0.05). 녹용 생산량은 1년차에서 외과적 상처가 많을수록 증가하였으며, 2차 년도에서는 대조구, 육경 한쪽절단구 및 양쪽절단구가 각각 588, 790 및 657g 으로 한쪽 절단구가 유의적으로 녹용생산량이 많았다.(P<0.05). 이상의 결과에서 육경에 대한 외과적 자극은 평균적으로 가지의 발생이 많아지고 녹용의 생산량이 증가하는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.899-904
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• 2005

본 연구는 강제낙각이 사슴뿔의 성장에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 꽃사슴 18두를 공시하여 뿔이 낙각 되기 40여일 전 강제 낙각을 실시하여 녹용생산량, 녹용길이 및 낙각시기에 미치는 영향을 조사하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1)뿔의 성장개시는 1차 년도에서 양쪽 절단구가 대조구에 비해 15일 정도 늦었으며, 다음 해 낙각시기는 절단구가 대조구보다 11-14일 빨랐다(P<0.05). 2)녹용 생산량은 1차년도에서 대조구, 한쪽 절단구 및 양쪽 절단구가 각각 775, 835 및 757g 이었고, 2차년도에서는 각각 1,004, 1,194 및 998g으로 한쪽 절단구의 녹용 생산량이 가장 많았으나 처리간에 유의성은 없었다. 3)녹용의 길이는 대조구, 한쪽 절단구 및 양쪽 절단구가 각각 25.8, 27.4 및 31.5 cm로 대조구에 비하여 한쪽 절단구 및 양쪽 절단구가 1년차에는 각각 1.6, 5.7cm 더 길었으며(P<0.05), 2년차에서도 각각 대조구보다 2.7, 2.4cm 더 길었다(P<0.05). 이러한 결과는 녹용의 생산시기 조절을 위하여 강제낙각을 응용한다면 녹용의 생산시기를 늦추거나 앞당기는데 충분히 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.661-668
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• 2020

In Europe, 5 Lipoptena species have been recorded, including Lipoptena fortisetosa. This species, native to Asian countries, was described as a parasite of sika deer and its appearance in Europe dates back to more than 50 years ago. Lipoptena fortisetosa has been recently reported in Italy, sharing its hosts with Lipoptena cervi. A morpho-molecular approach was developed to determine the phylogenetic interrelationship of Italian and Asian CO1 haplotypes sequenced from Lipoptena fly individuals collected in Italy, and their DNA sequences were compared with conspecifics available in GenBank; morphological key-characters (terminalia) of L. fortisetosa were compared with the original description. Two haplotypes were recorded from Italy and assigned to L. cervi and L. fortisetosa, respectively. The latter was part of the monophyletic clade L. fortisetosa, along with 2 Central European and 2 Korean haplotypes (100% identical to one of the Korean haplotypes); moreover, Italian L. fortisetosa female terminalia were consistent with the original description of Asian individuals. Pending more in-depth investigations, this study provides a first answer to the hypothesis of the recent colonization of Italy by L. fortisetosa from Asia as we did not detect any obvious and stable morphological and molecular differences in specimens from the 2 geographical areas. The presence of the sika deer in Europe was retraced and the possible route traveled by the parasite from Asia and the eco-biological factors that may have enhanced its settlement are discussed.