• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.290-292
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• 2012

This paper proposes a setup for a best multisine design method that uses a time-domain optimization. The method is based on minimization of the time-domain error, so its resulting multisine has a very accurate ACLR estimation. This is because its probability distribution and sample-to-sample correlation are close to those of the original signal, which are crucial for the testing of nonlinear power amplifiers. In addition, a hyperbolic-tangent function is introduced to control the ripple of tone magnitudes within signal bandwidth. For the verification, multisines were generated and compared for many aspects such as normalized error, in-band ripple, and ACLR estimation. Test results with different numbers of tones provide supporting evidence that the suggested multisine design has better ripple suppression, by up to 7 dB, and better accuracy, by up to 0.2 dB, when compared to the conventional method. The accuracy of the ACLR was improved by about 5 dB when the number of tones was 4. The suggested method improves the ACLR estimation performance of multisine testing due to its closer resemblance to the target modulation signal.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2016

In this paper, the performance of dual-hop multi-relay maximum ratio transmission (MRT) over Rayleigh flat fading channels is studied with both conventional (all relays participate the transmission) and opportunistic (best relay is selected to maximize the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)) relaying. Performance analysis starts with the derivation of the probability density function, cumulative distribution function and moment generating function of the SNR. Then, both approximate and asymptotic expressions of symbol error rate (SER) and outage probability are derived for arbitrary numbers of antennas and relays. With the help of asymptotic SER and outage probability, diversity and array gains are obtained. In addition, impact of imperfect channel estimations is investigated and optimum power allocation factors for source and relay are calculated. Our analytical findings are validated by numerical examples which indicate that multi-relay MRT can be a low complexity and reliable option in cooperative networks.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1991년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.65-70
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• 1991

A hybrid model which uses a probabilistic model and a MLP(multi layer perceptron) model for pattern recognition of EMG(electromyogram) signals is proposed in this paper. MLP model has problems which do not guarantee global minima of error due to learning method and have different approximation grade to bayesian probabilities due to different amounts and quality of training data, the number of hidden layers and hidden nodes, etc. Especially in the case of new test data which exclude design samples, the latter problem produces quite different results. The error probability of probabilistic model is closely related to the estimation error of the parameters used in the model and fidelity of assumtion. Generally, it is impossible to introduce the bayesian classifier to the probabilistic model of EMG signals because of unknown priori probabilities and is estimated by MLE(maximum likelihood estimate). In this paper we propose the method which get the MAP(maximum a posteriori probability) in the probabilistic model by estimating the priori probability distribution which minimize the error probability using the MLP. This method minimize the error probability of the probabilistic model as long as the realization of the MLP is optimal and approximate the minimum of error probability of each class of both models selectively. Alocating the reference coordinate of EMG signal to the outside of the body make it easy to suit to the applications which it is difficult to define and seperate using internal body coordinate. Simulation results show the benefit of the proposed model compared to use the MLP and the probabilistic model seperately.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.680-685
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 주파수 영역에서 음향학적 반향 및 잡음 제거의 통합 시스템을 위한 효과적인 잡음전력 추정 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 잡음 제거 (NS, noise suppression)가 음향학적 반향 억제 (AES, acoustic echo suppression)의 후처리단으로 결합하여 사용되는 구조에서 발생하는 잡음전력 추정오차를 줄이기 위해 마이크로폰 입력신호의 음성부재확률 (SAP, speech absence probability)을 잡음전력 갱신을 위한 스무딩 (smoothing) 파라미터로 적용한다. 따라서 제안된 기법에서는 반향 억제 후 신호에서 잡음전력 갱신을 위한 SAP를 추출하는 대신 입력신호에 대한 SAP를 NS 알고리즘에 적용함으로서 잡음 제거기가 반향 억제 후 왜곡된 잡음 스펙트럼 구간에서는 잡음전력을 갱신하지 않도록 한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 기존의 방법과 객관적인 실험을 통해 비교 평가한 결과 다양한 배경잡음 환경에서 우수한 성능을 보였다.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.669-684
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• 2012

Discrete wavelet transforms are extensively preferred in biomedical signal processing for denoising, feature extraction, and compression. This paper presents a new denoising method based on the modeling of discrete wavelet coefficients of ECG in selected sub-bands with Kernel density estimation. The modeling provides a statistical distribution of information and noise. A Gaussian kernel with bounded support is used for modeling sub-band coefficients and thresholds and is estimated by placing a sliding window on a normalized cumulative density function. We evaluated this approach on offline noisy ECG records from the Cardiovascular Research Centre of the University of Glasgow and on records from the MIT-BIH Arrythmia database. Results show that our proposed technique has a more reliable physical basis and provides improvement in the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Percentage RMS Difference (PRD). The morphological information of ECG signals is found to be unaffected after employing denoising. This is quantified by calculating the mean square error between the feature vectors of original and denoised signal. MSE values are less than 0.05 for most of the cases.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.511-517
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• 2012

The best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) is most suitable for practical application and can be determined with knowledge of only the first and second moments of the probability density function. Although the BLUE is an existing algorithm, it is still largely unexplored and has not yet been applied to channel estimation in amplify and forward (AF)-based wireless relay networks (WRNs). In this paper, a BLUE-based algorithm is proposed to estimate the overall channel impulse response between the source and destination of AF strategy-based WRNs. Theoretical mean square error (MSE) performance for the BLUE is derived to show the accuracy of the proposed channel estimation algorithm. In addition, the Cram$\acute{e}$r-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is derived to validate the MSE performance. The proposed BLUE channel estimation algorithm approaches the CRLB as the length of the training sequence and number of relays increases. Further, the BLUE performs better than the linear minimum MSE estimator due to the minimum variance characteristic exhibited by the BLUE, which happens to be a function of signal-to-noise ratio.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.282-291
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• 2011

적응 변조(Adaptive Modulation: AM) 방식은 시간적으로 공간적으로 바뀌는 채널의 상태에 적합한 변조 방식을 적응적으로 할당함으로써, 시스템의 효율을 높이는 중요한 통신 방식이다. 고정 변조 방식은 시간에 따라 신호 대 잡음비(SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio)가 변하는 채널에서 BER(Bit Error Rate) 성능이 변한다. 하지만 적응변조 방식은 모든 채널 상태의 SNR에 대하여 일정한 평균 BER 성능을 유지하므로 채널의 상태가 수시로 변하는 통신 환경에서 시스템의 성능을 확보한다. 이를 위해서 무엇보다도 정확하고, 빠르게 신호 대 잡음비를 추정할 수 있는 간단한 SNR 추정 방법이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 효과적인 적응 변조를 위하여 SNR 추정 성능이 적응 변조 시스템에 미치는 영향을 평균 BER과 평균 데이터 처리율(throughput)을 통하여 분석한다. 또한, 본 논문에서는 decision feedback 신호의 자기 상관 기반의 SNR 추정 방법 및 기존의 SNR 추정 방법들을 적응 변조시스템에 적용하여 각 변조 레벨 변환 점에서 SNR 추정 성능에 따라 결정되는 적응 변조 시스템의 성능 변화를 확인한다. Decision feedback 신호의 자기 상관 기반 SNR 추정 방법은 M-QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) 신호에서도 비교적 안정적인 추정 성능을 보이기 때문에 적응 변조 시스템에서 다른 SNR 추정 방법들에 비해 변조 레벨 변환 점에서 성능 열화를 줄인다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.5370-5393
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• 2019

In this paper, we consider a two-way relay non-orthogonal multiple access (TWR-NOMA) system with residual hardware impairments (RHIs) and channel estimation errors (CEEs), where two group users exchange their information via the decode-and-forward (DF) relay by using NOMA protocol. To evaluate the performance of the considered system, exact analytical expressions for the outage probability of the two groups users are derived in closed-form. Moreover, the asymptotic outage behavior in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime is examined and the diversity order is derived and discussed. Numerical simulation results verify the accuracy of theoretical analyses, and show that: i) RHIs and CEEs have a deleterious effects on the outage probabilities; ii) CEEs have significant effects on the performance of the near user; iii) Due to the RHIs, CEEs, inter-group interference and intra-group interference, there exists error floors for the outage probability.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제33권2A호
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• pp.98-106
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• 2008

셀룰러 시스템에서의 음영지역 해소 및 전송 용량 증대를 위해 중계기의 역할은 계속적으로 증가하고 있다. 별도의 유선 연결이 요구되는 광 중계기와는 달리, RF 중계기는 설치가 용이하고 위치 제약이 적으며, 비용 측면에서도 광선로 유지 비용 등의 운영 비용이 절감되는 장점을 가지고 있다. 반면 RF 중계기는 송수신 안테나 간 궤환 신호에 의한 간섭이 발생하며, 차폐막으로 감소시키는 간섭 신호 크기가 충분하지 않을 경우 별도의 간섭 제거 방안이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 두 개의 궤환 경로가 존재하는 경우, 기저대역 신호처리를 활용하는 ICS (Interference Cancellation System) 중계기에서 궤환 간섭 신호 제거를 위한 궤환 채널 추정 방식을 제시하고 그 성능을 평가한다. 제시한 방식은 경로별 채널 추정을 수행하는 기존 방식과 비교하여 MSE (Mean-Squared-Error) 측면에서 10dB 이상의 성능 이득을 갖는다.

• 전자공학회논문지S
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• 제35S권7호
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• pp.72-85
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• 1998

In this paper, we propose a new method that sequentially estimates TDOA(Time Delay Of Arrival) and FDOA(Frequency Delay Of Arrival) for extracting the information about the bearing and relative velocity of a target in passive radar or sonar arrays. The objective is to efficiently estimate the TDOA and FDOA between two sensor signal measurements, corrupted by correlated Gaussian noise sources in an unknown way. The proposed method utilizes the one dimensional slice function of the third order cumulants between the two sensor measurements, by which the effect of correlated Gaussian measurement noises can be significantly suppressed for the estimation of TDOA. Because the proposed sequential algoritjhm uses the one dimensional complex ambiguity function based on the TDOA estimate from the first step, the amount of computations needed for accurate estimationof FDOA can be dramatically reduced, especially for the cases where high frequency resolution is required. It is demonstrated that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing TDOA/FDOA estimation algorithms based on the ML(maximum likelihood) criterionandthe complex ambiguity function of the third order cumulant as well, in the MSE(mean squared error) sense and computational burden. Various numerical resutls on the detection probability, MSE and the floatingpoint computational burden are presented via Monte-Carlo simulations for different types of noises, different lengths of data, and different signal-to-noise ratios.