• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.260-268
• /
• 1998

A flow pattern and water exchange in Sagami Bay is examined using a barotropic hydraulic model. In the model experiments, the volume transports of the Kuroshio Through Flow were changed with time. The results of the model experiments show that when the volume transport is increased with time, water mass and vorticity are transferred to the inner part of the bay by wakes from the western part of the bay. In the case of decrease, as the wakes are ceased, the inner cyclonic circulation water is discharged to the outside of the bay by its southward extension through the Oshima eastern channel. It is found that the water exchange by the short-term variation of volume transport in time is about 20% of all the bay water.

• 동양고전연구
• /
• 제73호
• /
• pp.153-184
• /
• 2018

이 논문은 효종조에 실시된 행전책의 성과와 한계를 분석하기 위한 목적으로 작성되었다. 이를 위해 효종 연간 김육을 중심으로 추진했던 행전책을 담고 있는 사목(事目)을 살펴보았다. 1650년(효종 1년) 시장에 추포가 화폐로 유통되는 문제를 제어하기 위한 추포금단(?布禁斷) 조치가 내려졌다. 여기에는 추포가 물가를 교란시키고 있다는 표면적 이유와 더불어 국폐(國幣)에 준하는 면포를 유통시키기 위한 목적이 있었다. 이를 통해 국가는 유통화폐 통제력을 강화하여 동전유통 정책의 추진력을 확보고자 했다. 1651년(효종 2년) 추포에 대한 단속과 동시에 서로(西路)에 대한 행전책(行錢策)을 실시했다. 행전의 명목은 흉년에 진휼을 위한 재원 확보와 국가 재원의 충원이었다. 서로행전(西路行錢)의 성과에 따라 행전권을 확대하기 위해 경중행전(京中行錢)을 위한 사목이 마련되었다. 사목은 시장에서 동전으로 물건을 거래하는 것은 물론 관청에서도 동전을 사용하도록 강제 하는 내용이었다. 이를 통해 국가 주도의 행전책에 대한 시장의 신인도를 높임과 동시에 정책적 강제성을 담보하려 했다. 행전 확대 정책은 동전공급의 문제로 한계에 직면했다. 1652년(효종 3년) 기전행전(畿甸行錢)과 함께 전세에 대한 전납(錢納)이 시도되었다. 그러나 동철(銅鐵) 부족으로 인한 주전제한으로 행전의 의려움이 있었다. 그에 따라 1655년(효종 6년) 행전사목을 수정 한 경정과조(更定科條)가 제정되었다. 이 사목은 동전의 가치를 미(米)와 은(銀)을 기준으로 책정하고 환전(換錢)을 위한 점포를 널리 설치하는 내용이었다. 이러한 정책은 국가에서 동전 유통을 강제하고 이를 통해 안정적인 재원을 확보하려는 목적이었다. 1656년(효종 7년) 시장에서 동전 유통의 한계와 전납을 위한 동전 공급과 확보의 제약이라는 문제점이 중첩되어 '파전(罷錢)'에 이르렀다. 효종조 김육을 중심으로 추진된 행전책은 시장에서 동전이 유통되는 경험을 축적함과 동시에 정책적 시행착오를 확보하는 성과가 있었다. 이러한 점이 1678년 동전이 전국적으로 유통될 수 있었던 배경 중 하나로 작용했다고 볼 수 있다. 다만, 효종 재위기의 정책 방향이 시장이 아닌 국가의 재정 확보와 보전에 있었다는 점은 전면적인 행전을 제약하는 한계 중 하나로 작용하였다. 이 시기 청나라의 갈등에 따라 북벌(北伐)을 대비하기 위한 재정이 요구되었기 때문이었다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.77-100
• /
• 2024

진해·마산만에 대한 연구는 그동안 해수순환, 조석, 조류, 적조, 수질, 빈산소 환경을 주제로 많이 연구되었으나 주로 단기간 동안 일어나는 해양현상에 대해 연구가 수행되었으며, 만 전체적인 해수순환을 일으키는 물리적 기작을 자세히 살펴본 연구는 부족했다. 오염 물질의 이동과 확산 같은 현상은 주로 계절별로 변동성이 크기 때문에, 이 연구에서는 진해·마산만 해역의 해수순환이 계절적으로 어떻게 변동하는지를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 3차원 해양 순환 모델을 이용하여 2016년부터 2018년까지 진해·마산만의 해수순환을 수치모의하고, 여름철과 겨울철 해수순환을 표층, 중층, 저층에 대하여 살펴보았다. 또한 조석, 바람, 담수 유입에 대한 민감도 실험을 수행하여 각 요인들이 해수 유동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 진해·마산만의 해수순환은 가덕수도 저층에서 대한해협의 해수가 유입되고, 표층에서 진해·마산만의 해수가 유출되는 대류성 염하구 순환이 일어난다. 가덕수도를 통해 교환되는 해수의 순환은 크게 진해만 동부해역과 진해만 서부해역으로 나누어져 일어난다. 각 해역의 수로 방향을 기준으로 해수 수송량을 계산하였을 때, 진해만 동부해역의 남북방향 해수 교환 수송량은 진해만 서부해역에서 일어나는 동서방향 해수 교환량보다 겨울철에는 2.3배, 여름철에는 1.4배 크다. 진해만 서부해역은 계절별로 작용하는 힘들의 균형이 변화하여 해수순환 특성이 계절에 따라 크게 다르다. 겨울철에는 북서풍이 만드는 전단응력과 해수면 기울기의 영향으로 표층 해류가 남쪽으로, 저층 해류는 북쪽으로 흐르는 남북방향 대류성 순환이 강화된다. 반면, 남서풍이 부는 여름철에는 바람 응력에 의해 표층 해수가 동쪽으로 유출되고, 또한 남동쪽 해수면이 높아 북쪽 방향 순압성 압력경도력이 커져 동쪽 방향 유속이 강화된다. 저층에서는 밀도 구배가 커져 경압성 압력경도력이 남쪽으로 크게 작용하여 지형류 균형에 의해 가덕수도의 해수가 서쪽으로 강하게 유입하는 동서방향 대류성 순환이 겨울철보다 26% 강화된다. 진해만 서부의 대류성 순환은 겨울과 여름 모두 조류와 바람의 영향을 크게 받는다. 진해만 동부해역과 마산만에서는 모든 계절에 표층에서는 해수가 외해로 유출되고, 저층에서는 해수가 만 안쪽으로 유입되는 전형적인 염하구 순환을 보였다. 겨울철에는 바람과 담수유입이, 여름철에는 조류의 영향이 남북방향 염하구 순환 규모에 크게 기여하였다. 진해만 동부해역에는 지형의 영향을 받아 형성된 조석 잔차류도 뚜렷하다. 이 연구에서 제시한 진해·마산만의 계절별 해수순환 특성은 이 해역의 오염물질 확산, 여름철 빈산소수괴의 형성 기작 파악, 적조 생물의 유입과 유출을 이해하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.117-122
• /
• 2004

The present study was carried out to establish a short-term teratogenicity study for detecting developmental toxic potential induced by gamma radiation in ICR mice. Pregnant mice were exposed at dose levels of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 Gy on gestational day 8.5. All dams were subjected to caesarean section on gestational day 10.5 and their embryos were examined for growth, differentiation, and morphological abnormalities. An increase in the number of resorption was found at 4 Gy in a dose-dependent manner. Dose-dependent decreases in the developmental score of yolk sac circulation and olfactory system at above 1 Gy, in the number of somite pairs and developmental score of allantois, optic system, and maxillary process at above 2 Gy, and in the all growth and developmental parameters examined at 4 Gy were found. Various types of morphological abnormalities were seen at dose levels of 0.5 Gy or greater. Characteristic malformations induced by gamma radiation were abnormal axial rotation, hematoma, craniofacial hypoplasia, open neuropore, shortened prosencephalon, kinked somites, irregular somites, swelling, hydropericardium, absent branchial bar, and absent limb bud. Morphological alterations such as hematoma, craniofacial hypoplasia, open neuropore, and kinked somites were noted even in the lowest dose (0.5 Gy). These results indicated that the short-term teratogenicity study established in this study can be a useful tool for not only detecting the developmental toxic potential induced by gamma radiation, but also screening radio-protective agents in ICR mice.

• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.94-108
• /
• 2004

얼음골 주변의 지표면 변화에 따른 중규모 대기순환장에 미치는 효과를 보기위하여 수치실험을 실시하였다. 얼음골 남북 경사면에서 발생하는 순환장은 지형과 단파복사에 의한 영향으로 다르게 나타나며, 비대칭을 이룬다. 그리고 이러한 비대칭은 18시까지 계속된다. 야간의 경우, 도로건설에 따른 대기순환장의 차이는 크지 않다. 이것은 주간 단파 복사에 의한 현열플럭스가 감소하며, 현열플럭스외의 다른 요소는 크게 영향을 미치지 않는다는 것을 의미한다. 도로의 건설은 현열플러스의 증가와 관련되고, 주간의 경우, 지형에 의한 곡풍과 결합하여 도로가 없는 경우에 비하여 상승류가 강하여진다. 최대풍속은 4.67 m/s이다. 그리고 이때 도로의 위치역시 주요한 요인으로 작용한다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제23권5호
• /
• pp.76-85
• /
• 2014

When conscious and unconscious exploring information of space-visitors which is contained in the information acquired in the process of seeing any space is analyzed, it can be found what those visitors pick up as factors in the space for its selection as visual information in order to put it into action. This study, with the object of the space reproduced in three dimensions from the cafe which was visited for conversation, has analyzed the process of acquiring space-information by sex to find out the features of scanning path, findings of which are the followings. First, the rate of scanning type of males was "Combination (50.5%)- Circulation (31.0%) and that of females "Horizontal (32.5%) - Combination (32.1%)", which shows that there was a big difference by sex in the scanning path which took place in the process of observing any space. Second, when the features of continuous observation frequency by sex is looked into, the trends of increased "horizontal" scanning and decreased "Combination" scanning of both showed the same as the frequency of continuous observations increased, while in case of "Circulation" scanning, that of females was found to decrease but that of males showed the aspect of confusion. Third, the 'Combination' scanning of males was found strong at the short observation time with three times of continuous observation frequency defined as "Attention Concentration" while the distinct feature was seen that the scanning type was dispersed to "combination-circulation" as the frequency of continuous observation increased. Females start the information acquirement with "combination-circulation" but in the process of visual appreciation they showed a strong "Horizontal" These scanning features can be defined as those by sex for acquiring space information and therefore are very significant because they are fundamental studies which will enable any customized space-design by sex.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제18권11호
• /
• pp.1271-1281
• /
• 2009

The heavy snowfall event over the eastern part of Seoul, Korea on Mar. 04, 2008 has been abruptly occurred after the frontal system with the heavy snowfall event had been past over the Korean peninsula on Mar. 03, 2008. Therefore, this heavy snowfall event couldn't be predicted well by any means of theoretical knowledges and models. After the cold front passed by, the cold air mass was flown over the peninsula immediately and became clear expectedly except the eastern part and southwestern part of peninsula with some large amount of snowfall. Even though the wide and intense massive cold anticyclone was expanded and enhanced by the lowest tropospheric baroclinicity over the Yellow Sea, but the intrusion and eastward movement of cold air to Seoul was too slow than normally predicted. Using the data of numerical model, satellite and radar images, three dimensional analysis Products(KLAPS : Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System) of the environmental conditions of this event such as temperature, equivalent potential temperature, wind, vertical circulation, divergence, moisture flux divergence and relative vorticity could be analyzed precisely. Through the analysis of this event, the formation and westward advection of lower cyclonic circulation with continuously horizontal movement of air into the eastern part of Seoul by the analyses of KLAPS fields have been affected by occurring the heavy snowfall event. As the predictability of abrupt snowfall event was very hard and dependent on not only the synoptic atmospheric circulation but also for mesoscale atmospheric circulation, the forecaster can be predicted well this event which may be occurred and developed within the very short time period using sequential satellite images and KLAPS products.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.174-182
• /
• 1979

This is a report on four cases of successful surgical correction of coarctation of the aorta [COA] in Department of the Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Hanyang University Hospital. The first case was a postductal type of coarctation of the aorta associated with Patent ductus arteriosus [PDA], Persistent left superior vena cava [LSVC] and richly developed collateral circulation. Blood pressure was measured to be hypertensive at the arm, but hypotensive at the legs. The coarctation of the aorta was corrected with following procedure: Partial resection of the aortic wall with diaphragmatic structure lust above and below the coarctating line of the aorta, and then the defect of the aortic wall was closed by lateral aortographic suture. PDA was closed by ligation procedure. The second case a preductal type of coarctation of the aorta associated with PDA, LSVC, ventricular septal defect [VSD] and poorly developed collateral circulation. Normal blood pressure was measured at the arm, but hypotension was observed at the legs. Correction of coarctation of the aorta was performed under the establishment of tube bypass because of poor collateral circulation. After resection of coarctating short segment, end to end anastomosis was performed without any tension. PDA was closed by division procedure. Simple suture closure of VSD was performed by open heart surgery two weeks after correction of COA. The third case was a long segment COA without any other anomaly. Blood pressure was measured to be hypertensive at the arm, but hypotensive at the legs. Vascular prosthesis was performed using Teflon graft tube after resecting coarctating long segment [6.5 cm] of the aorta. The fourth case was a long segment COA associated with aortic insufficiency and richly developed collateral circulation. Normal blood pressure was measured at the arm, but hypotension was observed at the legs. Vascular prosthesis was performed using Teflon graft tube after resecting coarctating long segment [6.0 cm] of the aorta. Both blood pressure and peripheral pulse on the arm and the legs returned to normal postoperatively in all patients.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
• /
• 제14권
• /
• pp.71-98
• /
• 1987

After 1970s, because of an increasing peoples for higher education and graduate school-oriented education system, quantities of thesis were produced for short term and they began to be an important part of gift materials in university libraries. As an unpublished documents, thesis is narrow in subject, deep in content, irregular is page, incomplete in binding and produce limited-edition during short time simultaneously at most institutions. So most libraries are in difficulties for acquisition processing and circulation. Because of an increasing number of thesis will be produce and cutback of budget, shortage of staff, library service for user will be difficult and rational and efficient management is absolutely essential to library. In form and content, thesis is in distinction with other library materials, they must be handler as an independent item and library will seek an a n.0, ppropriate processing and using method of them. Analysis and synthesis of this study are summarized as follows. 1. In acquisition of thesis, it is desirable that they has an independent accession book with a simplified processing procedure and the binding of them is desirable together with subject field(major or department) by institutions. 2. In classification and cataloging of thesis, it is rational that library use the same classification scheme as other materials and expand in details. Simplified catalog will be reduce the time and/or personnel problem than using the traditional KCR or AACR. 3. As an retrieval tool, author, title, shelf and subject catalog must be prepared in thesis room. Index of thesis will be available for retrieval with the trend of union list and Korean periodicals index (National Assembly Library, Republic of Korea) must include the thesis. 4. Because of the nature and characteristics of thesis, library has to equip an independent room and open stack for the a n.0, ppropriate retrieval and frequent use. Qualified librarian must serve for the efficient circulation service.

• International Journal of Vascular Biomedical Engineering
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.14-22
• /
• 2005

In the present study, our aim is to investigate whether responses to the head-up tilt (HUT) on nonlinear properties of heart rate variability (HRV) in young and elderly subjects are different or not. Thirteen young-healthy subjects ($24.5{\pm}3.7$ years) and 18 old-aged healthy subjects ($74.5{\pm}7.4$ years) participated in this study. An electrocardiogram (ECG) in the supine posture, at $0^{\circ}$, and in the standing posture, at $70^{\circ}$ of head-up tilt, was recorded. Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and approximate entropy (ApEn), measures of short-/long-term correlation properties and overall complexity of heart rate (HR) respectively, along with spectral components of HR variability (HRV) were analyzed for both the supine and HUT postures. We observed that the short-term fractal exponent ${\alpha}_1$ increased during HUT posture (F(1, 29) = 39.79, P = 0.000), especially, the young subjects showed a significantly higher values compared to the elderly subjects. ApEn significantly decreased (F(1, 29) = 8.61, P = 0.006) during HUT posture. HUT posture decreased the complexity in HR dynamics and increased short-term fractal exponent values in young subjects but not in elderly subjects. These results imply that there are differences of response to HUT on nonlinear properties between young and elderly subjects.