• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.92-97
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• 2010

Fire simulation by using a computational fluid dynamics model and examination of the fires at indoor shooting ranges broken out in the past were conducted, to presume causes of the fire at the indoor shooting range in Busan and suggest fire safety measures. On-site investigations and shooting tests on unburned gunpowder were also carried out. No trace of the muzzle spark and spark at the bullet trap was found in CCTV footage, and the impact of a stray bullet failed to ignite gunpowder. Cigarette was therefore presumed to be the most likely source of ignition among the potential sources. It appeared that the explosion in the shooting area was caused by violent burning of the polyurethane sound absorber and unburned gunpowder accumulated on it. The fire safety measures include prohibit of use of profile polyurethane sound absorber, removal of steel components from bullet trap, clean up and control of unburned gunpowder, etc.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.114-119
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• 2010

The fire at a Busan indoor shooting range on November 14, 2009 was reconstructed by using a computational fluid dynamics model for fire simulations, in order to investigate the cause of the heavy death toll in a short period of time. Spread of the flame and smoke, and temperature distribution obtained by fire simulation were compared with the results of fire investigation based on the CCTV recordings. The flame and smoke flew out violently through the door into the cafeteria from the shooting range, and the cafeteria was filled with smoke just within 3 seconds followed by the onset of fire. This is consistent with the CCTV recordings. It was confirmed, as a result, that people in the cafeteria did not have enough evacuation time. The computed temperature at the door knob reached about $1400^{\circ}C$, near its melting point.

• International Journal of Safety
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2010

On-site examinations and fire simulation were carried out to speculate on causes of the fire at an indoor shooting range in Busan. An experiment on the ignitability of unburned gunpowder was also conducted. Cigarette was the most likely source of ignition for the fire, while impact of a stray bullet failed to ignite the unburned gunpowder. The explosion in the shooting area was presumed to be caused by violent combustion of the polyurethane foam and unburned gunpowder accumulated on it. Fire safety measures include prohibit of use of profile polyurethane foam, complete clean-up of unburned gunpowder, and removal of steel components from the bullet trap.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

This paper studied analysis of deflagration rapid propagation of burning through only a few second and fire cause into the Busan indoor shooting range. We carried out combustion experiment of sound-absorbing materials extensively used, to analyze propagation path of burning in indoor shooting range. From the experimental results, general sound-absorbing materials were rapid burned simultaneously with ignition and in case of attached gunpowder residue, they were burning about tripled by comparison with general sound-absorbing materials. The incombustibility sound-absorbing materials had all gone out simultaneously with ignition, but they were burning similar to general type materials in case of attached gunpowder residues. In order to analysis of the cause of fire, we calculated kinetic energy of bounced off bullet, from result, if the bounced off bullet impacted gunpowder residues, the gunpowder residues were possible to ignite by the bullet.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.102-106
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• 2010

This paper studied the measurement about the gunpowder residue quantity by using a handgun and we carried out an experiment ignition characteristics of the gunpowder residue for the investigation fire cause into the indoor shooting range in Busan. The measurement of the gunpowder residue quantity is spouted by using a 0.38 inch gun and 9 mm gun. We were carried out evaluation experiments such as impact sensitivity test, static electricity sensitivity test, friction sensitivity test and measuring a flash point for the ignition characteristics about the gunpowder residue. From experiment results, the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity of the gunpowder residue in comparison with ball powder are highly sensitive and the gunpowder residue ignites at a relatively low temperature.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.101-106
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• 2018

The ROK military conluded that the dead of a young soldier, walking back to his unit was caused by a ricochet after carrying our some construction work near firing range in Gangwon Province in last Septemebr. But when it was revealed that he was hit by a stray bullet cause, this fact caused public fury. To solve these problems, we will analyze the individual fire shooting range of our military units from a safe perspective and propose ways to improve it by applying the cases of the United States, which are both permanent and scientific.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.68-72
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• 2010

부산 실내사격장 화재의 사격실 내 폭발의 원인을 추정하고 안전대책을 강구하기 위해 화재 시뮬레이션과 외국 실내사격장 화재의 사례조사를 수행하였다. 사격실 내의 폭발원인은 다공성 계란판형 폴리우레탄 흡음재와 흡음재에 축적된 잔류화약 분말의 격렬한 연소로 추정되었다. 실내사격장의 안전대책으로 폴리우레탄 흡음재의 사용금지, 잔류화약의 제거와 철저한 관리, 금연, 탄자받이 주위의 강재 요소 제거, 효율적 환기 등이 요구된다.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.62-72
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• 2015

This study investigates the in-situ implementation of bio-regenerated iron mineral catalyst to remove explosive compounds in ground water at a military shooting range in operation. A bio-regenerated iron mineral catalyst was synthesized using lepidocrocite (iron-bearing soil mineral), iron-reducing bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens CN32, and electron mediator (riboflavin) in the culture medium. This catalyst was then injected periodically in the ground to build a redox active zone acting like permeable reactive barrier through injection wells constructed at a live fire military shooting range. Ground water and core soils were sampled periodically for analysis of explosive compounds, mainly RDX and its metabolites, along with toxicity analysis and REDOX potential measurement. Results suggested that a redox active zone was formed in the subsurface in which contaminated ground water flows through. Concentration of RDX as well as toxicity (% inhibition) of ground water decreased in the downstream compared to those in the upstream while concentration of RDX reduction products increased in the downstream.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.143-146
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• 2011

2009년 11월 14일 발생한 부산 실내사격장 화재와 관련하여 조사내용을 토대로 화재 시뮬레이션용 전선유체역학 모델인 FDS를 이용하여 재현하였으며, 시뮬레이션 결과와 화재당시 녹화된 CCTV 영상을 비교하였다. 2층 발사실에서 시작된 화재는 급격히 연소가 진행되어 약 3초 후에 휴게실로 확산되며, 약 7초 후에는 계단 및 1층 홀을 지나 사람들이 통행하는 인도에까지 연기가 분출되는 것으로 나타났다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 2층 발사실과 휴게실에 녹화된 CCTV 영상 및 1층 홀 옆의 귀금속가게에 녹화된 CCTV 영상과 거의 일치하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2010.10a
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• pp.227-230
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• 2010

본 논문은 부산 실내사격장 화재와 관련하여 급격한 연소 확대 경로 및 발화원인에 대하여 분석하였다. 연소 확대 경로 분석을 위하여 실내사격장에 광범위하게 사용되는 스펀지형 흡음재의 연소실험을 수행하였다. 흡음재 연소 실험은 일반형과 낭연 처리된 흡음재를 대상으로 실시하였으며, 화약잔사 흡착 시, 연소 특성을 평가하였다. 발화원인에 대한 분석을 위하여 총기 사용 과정에서 발생되는 유탄된 탄환의 비산거리 및 크기를 실측하고, 유탄된 탄환에 대한 운동에너지 계산을 통하여 화약잔사와 충격하는 경우, 충분한 발화 가능성이 있음을 확인하였다.