• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to develop Korean shoe-last based on the conformability of shoe. For this work, the important dimensions for the conformability of shoe were investigated and the systematic methods for evaluating the comfortable shoe were developed. Different two types of shoe-last for men and women were used in the experiment, respectively. 8000 feet dimensions of Korean adults were analyzed for developing standard shoe-last in this study. A total of 10 subjects (ranged from 21 to 25 years old) participated voluntarily. They evaluated each shoes made by developed shoe-last. A rating scale and description was used to express the degree of conformability. Also, 26 feet dimensions were measured using martin-typed gauge and footprint. The relationship between foot dimension and conformability of shoe was analyzed. As a result, Korean standard shoe-last was suggested based on the based on the conformability of shoe. The evaluating methods will be expected to help designer find more important design parameters. We will also expect that the standard shoe-last guarantee the optimal gait and minimal workload, especially in aspect of conformability.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06c
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• pp.122-127
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• 2001

Lasting machines for shoe manufacturing are continuously developed with the aid of automation and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). Although automation and CAM techniques have tremendously reduced the labor in shoe manufacturing field, there still remain some parts manufactured by experts. In order to enhance the capability and efficiency of machines for labor-free shoe manufacturing, CAD data of a shoe last is indispensable. While CAD datarization takes the fundamental role in the shoe design as well as the shoe manufacturing, there has been little research for the CAD datarization of a shoe last. In this paper, a new procedure for CAD datarization of a shoe last using finite element patches is proposed and some data for the control part of the shoe lasting machine are extracted and interpolated from the CAD data. The outer line of a shoe-last sole is interpolated by a tension spline method and bonding lines are extracted from the shoe CAD data. Finally, initial setting data for the lasting machine are extracted from the last CAD data and initial setup parts of the lasting machine.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2001

Lasting machines for shoe manufacturing are continuously developed with the aid of automation and CAM(Computer Aided Manufacturing). Although automation and CAM techniques have tremendously reduced the labor in shoe manufacturing, there still remain some parts manufactured by experts. In order to enhance the capability and efficiency of machines for labor-free shoe manufacturing, CAD data of a shoe last is essential. While CAD datarization takes the fundamental role in the shoe design and manufacturing, there has been little research for the CAD datarization of a shoe last. In this paper, a new procedure for CAD datarization of a shoe last using finite element patches and a tension sl)line method is proposed for application to shoe manufacturing machines. The outer line of a shoe-last sole is interpolated by a tension spline method and bonding lines are extracted from the shoe CAD data. Data set for a control algorithm of the tasting machine can be produced from the CAD data.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2007

Shoe's size and shape are determined by the last that takes shape of foot because last is the mold of shoe in development and manufacturing process. Then adaptation between foot and shoe is dependent on the last. In mass shoe production, model size is developed in the first place, other sized lasts are made through the grading process based on model size. The most important factor in grading system is grading deviation that must be same amount induced from foot measuring database. At present, most of the last manufacturing companies in korea using 260mm as a standard foot model size. When length grading deviation is 5mm, the ball girth grading deviation is 3.7mm and the ball width grading deviation is 1.2mm. I verified existing grading system by comparing grading results with foot measuring data. Also, I proposed reasonable grading deviation and application method of grading system. From the analysis of foot measuring database, reasonable grading deviations are 1.22mm in ball width and 0.84mm in ankle height in case of length grading deviation is 5mm. I confirmed that the current grading system is very accurate. When we grade last from 230mm to 290mm by current grading system based on model size 260mm, there is grading error over 1mm in the front outside area of foot. This error level of 1mm is no problem in normal walking shoe's last, but it induces adaptation problems in sports and special purposed shoe's last. Therefore using of three standard model size is recommended in grading men's last for reducing grading deviation error under the level of 1mm. It is specifically described as 235mm in 225-245mm, 260mm in 250-270mm, 285mm in 275-295mm. According to the above recommended grading system, it is enough to measure only three foot sizes in case of foot measuring project for men's last development.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.175-191
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the body mass index(BMI) and foot characteristics of senior-generation women and to use those values to develop a standard shoe last for producing shoes that best fit the foot of senior-generation women. In order to develop a standard shoe last that reflects the BMI and foot characteristics of senior-generation women, I analyzed the morphometric characteristics of feet by conducting descriptive statistics for each item. The foot characteristics based on BMI were analyzed by conducting ANOVA and Duncan's tests via the foot's measured values. Subsequently, I developed a standard shoe last reflecting the BMI and the foot characteristics of senior-generation women by applying all those values. Senior-generation women showed significant differences among three groups based on BMI-normal weight, overweight, and obese-in all the items except for medial ball width and toe 5 angle. Through these values, I realized that as the value of the BMI becomes higher, the size of the foot becomes larger. This suggests that as a woman's weight increases or decreases, her shoes need to be replaced as well as her clothes. Deviations in the toe-side parts of the shoe could cause deformation of the foot. If someone keeps wearing shoes produced using a shoe last with a large deviation, she risks developing foot conditions like hallux valgus. This situation points to the need for shoe manufacture that utilizes a standard shoe last that reflects the BMI and foot characteristics of the senior generation.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06c
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• pp.140-145
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• 2001

Lasting machines for shoe manufacturing are continuously developed with the aid of automation and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). Adaptive lasting machine and CAD data of a shoe last are inevitably introduced for the labor-free manufacturing process. Recently, method for the CAD datarization of a shoe last is suggested using finite element mesh system. Initial set up data and control data of machine parts are required for the adaptive lasting machine. For the efficient process, grading of those data is essential to minimize data storage and production costs. In this paper, bonding lines are extracted from the CAD data of a shoe last and graded by the geometric grading system. Tension spline method is adopted for the interpolation of last CAD data. The results are compared with the results from the arithmetic grading system that is widely adopted in the shoemaking companies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.186-199
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• 2016

The shoe last which is the framework for the shoemaking is intensively combined with the 3D data and technologies. International shoe companies have already commercialized 3D printing technology in producing the shoe, but domestic shoe companies are still in their early stages. This study used the 3D scanning, 3D modeling and 3D printing of the high-technology to make the shoe last. This 3D producing processes should be helpful in building competitiveness in domestic shoe industry. The 3D foot scanning data of men in 30s(n=200) were collected in SizeKorea(2010). The basic statistics, factor and cluster analysis were performed. They were categorized in 3 groups by 3D foot measurement data, and the standard models were selected in each group. The cross sections in XY, YZ and XZ planes sliced from 3D scan data of the standard model were used in the sketches of the 3D shoe last modeling. The 3D shoe last was modeled by Solidworks CAD and printed by MakerBot Replicator2; a desktop 3D printer. This research showed the potential for utilization of 3D printing technology in the domestic shoe industry. The 3D producing process; 3D scanning, 3D modeling and 3D printing is expected to utilized widely in the fashion industry within the nearest future.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.319-330
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• 2002

A toe spring and ball girth data, when marathone shoes research, development, and production in Korea, is a important point in athlete shoe research. It is clear from the results presented that any differences between MA3 and MA1, MA4 in 70%, 80% session in forepart last comparision. Especially the more 70%-80% session getting wide, the more 90% session getting up, Also, To development for high performance marathones shoes last, in all session, in korean style, 70%, 80%, and 90% session part function changed and consequently there is a need for normative last data that desribe foot, last shape, dimension. this leads to the conclusion that unique shoe lasts for both marathone shoes developmented last comparison are required for optimal marathone shoe comfort. The more ball girth construction will wide in forepart in last, the more comfort characteristic sill development. But relative with performance ability, it is need to research. The further study of Korea marathoner forefoot measurements(70% session ~ 90% session) among toe spring's angular difference of marathone last to north american and Korea marathone shoes last is required to develop and improve athletes performance in an effective way of study and to prevent forefoot injury.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.93-104
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• 2017

This study is a basic study to develop shoe last design technology to enhance and revitalize the competitiveness of the handmade shoes. In-depth interviews were conducted with four manufacturers in Seongsu-dong to identify the production status and design technology of shoe lasts. The result of the research is as follows. Firstly, shoe lasts for adults are produced at intervals of 5mm between 245mm-285mm for men's shoes, and between 220-260mm for women's shoes. The production rate of women's shoes was high in the order of general type, boot type, and sandal type while men's shoes mainly produce general type. Secondly, the master last size and ball girth rating for men's and women's shoes were analyzed to EE-EEE grade at 260mm and D grade at 235mm. The length of the master last for men's shoes is 276-290mm, the heel width is 60-65mm, the ball width is 88-90mm, the ball girth is 250mm, and the waist girth is 248mm. The length of the master shoe last for women's shoes is 236-245 mm, the heel width is 50-55mm, the ball width is 78-80mm, the ball girth is 211~213mm, and the waist girth is 213~215mm. Thirdly, the last grading deviation is 5mm in length, the heel width is 0.5mm, the ball girth is 3.5mm, and the ball with is 1.2mm. The ball girth dimensions of Oxford type, slip-on type, and sneakers type are made at 250mm, 248mm, and 245mm for men's shoes. For women's shoes, the ball girth dimensions of pump type, loafer & boot type, and sandal type are made at 211~213mm, 214~215mm, and 211mm. Fourthly, t+he construction of the automation system is insufficient and almost completely depends on manual production.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.631-632
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• 2009