• Title/Summary/Keyword: Shock Absorbing

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Use of large-scale shake table tests to assess the seismic response of a tunnel embedded in compacted sand

  • Zhou, Hao;Qin, Xiaoyang;Wang, Xinghua;Liang, Yan
    • Earthquakes and Structures
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    • v.15 no.6
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    • pp.655-665
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    • 2018
  • Shield tunnels are widely used throughout the world. However, their seismic performance has not been well studied. This paper focuses on the seismic response of a large scale model tunnel in compacted sand. A 9.3 m long, 3.7 m wide and 2.5 m high rigid box was filled with sand so as to simulate the sandy soil surrounding the tunnel. The setup was excited on a large-scale shake table. The model tunnel used was a 1:8 scaled model with a cross-sectional diameter of 900 mm. The effective shock absorbing layer (SAL) on the seismic response of the model tunnel was also investigated. The thickness of the tunnel lining is 60 mm. The earthquake motion recorded from the Kobe earthquake waves was used. The ground motions were scaled to have the same peak accelerations. A total of three peak accelerations were considered (i.e., 0.1 g, 0.2 g and 0.4 g). During the tests, the strain, acceleration and soil pressure on the surface of the tunnel were measured. In order to investigate the effect of shock absorbing layer on the dynamic response of the sand- tunnel system, two tunnel models were set up, one with and one without the shock absorbing layer of foam board were used. The results shows the longitudinal direction acceleration of the model tunnel with a shock absorbing layer were lower than those of model tunnel without the shock absorbing layer, Which indicates that the shock absorbing layer has a beneficial effect on the acceleration reduction. In addition, the shock absorbing layer has influence on the hoop strain and earth pressure of the model tunnel, this the effect of shock absorbing layer to the model tunnel will be discussed in the paper.

Analysis on Lander Shock Absorbing by Multi-Stage Extrusion of Hyper-Viscoelastic Material (초점탄성재료의 다중 압출에 의한 착륙선 충격완충 해석)

  • Lee, Choon Woo;Kim, In-Gul
    • Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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    • v.11 no.6
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    • pp.34-41
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    • 2017
  • As an alternative of the existing honeycomb shock absorbing device, the new approach on shock absorbing design using the extrusion of hyper-viscoelastic material such as silicon rubber is studied in this paper. The strain energy and stress-strain characteristic of viscoelastic material at extrusion process through the metered orifice has a similarity with the honeycomb core for maximizing shock absorbing capability. And in order to evaluate the design feasibility of this device and to understand the shock absorbing mechanism of energy transformation, finite element analysis and quasi-static compression test of the multi-stage extrusion shock absorber are examined in this paper.

Modeling and Theoretical Analysis of Thermodynamic Characteristic of Nano Vibration Absorber (나노 진동 흡수기의 모델링 및 열역학적 특성 해석에 대한 이론적 연구)

  • 문병영;정성원
    • Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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    • v.7 no.6
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    • pp.93-99
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    • 2003
  • In this study, new shock absorbing system is proposed by using nano-technology based on the theoretical analysis. The new shock absorbing system is complementary to the hydraulic damper, having a cylinder-piston-orifice construction. Particularly for new shock absorbing system, the hydraulic oil is replaced by a colloidal suspension, which is composed of a porous matrix and a lyophobic fluid. The matrix of the suspension is consisted of porous micro-grains with a special architecture: they present nano-pores serially connected to micro-cavities. Until now, only experimentally qualitative studies of new shock absorbing system have been performed, but the mechanism of energy dissipation has not been clarified. This paper presents a modeling and theoretical analysis of the new shock absorbing system thermodynamics, nono-flows and energy dissipation. Compared with hydraulic system, the new shock absorbing system behaves more efficiently, which absorb a large amount of mechanical energy, without heating. The theoretical computations agree reasonably well with the experimental results. As a result. the proposed new shock absorbing system was proved to be an effective one, which can replace with the conventional one.

Comparative Analysis of Peak Impact Acceleration and Impact Shock Frequency Components According to the Type of Treadmill for Treadmill-running

  • Lee, Jae Seok;Hur, Seung Eun;Park, Seong Han;Moon, Hwang Woon;Koo, Bon Ho
    • Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.263-268
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    • 2017
  • Objective: The purpose of this study was to show differences in impact variables between treadmills with (treadmills B, C, and D) and treadmills without a shock-absorbing function (treadmill A) to propose the development of a treadmill with improved or added shock-absorbing function to reduce impact shock. Method: Thirteen male students in their twenties who had habitual rear foot strike during running ran on four treadmills at 2.67 m/sec while ankle and neck acceleration data were collected. The magnitude of the ankle and neck acceleration peaks and peak positive ankle acceleration were calculated. The power spectral density of each signal was calculated to transform the ankle and neck accelerations in the frequency domain. Results: The peak positive ankle acceleration on treadmill B was significantly lesser than that on treadmills A and D, and that on treadmill C was significantly less than that on treadmill A (p < .01). Peak positive neck acceleration was not statistically different between the treadmills. The frequencies of the peak power of the ankle and neck acceleration signal within the lower and higher frequency ranges were not statistically different between the treadmills. The signal power magnitude of the ankle in higher frequency ranges on treadmill B was significantly less than that on treadmills A, C, and D (p < .01). The signal power magnitude of the ankle in higher frequency ranges was not statistically different between the treadmills. The signal power magnitudes of the neck acceleration signal within the lower and higher frequency ranges were not statistically significantly different between the treadmills. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the shock-absorbing function of a treadmill plays a role in reducing impact shock. Therefore, in future treadmill development, shock-absorbing function should be improved or incorporated to reduce impact shock to the body.

Utilization of Wastepaper Fibers for Development of Environment-friendly Shock-Absorbing Materials (환경친화적 완충재의 개발을 위한 폐지 섬유의 이용)

  • Kim, Gyeong-Yun;Kim, Chul-Hwan;Lee, Young-Min;Song, Dae-Bin;Shin, Tae-Gi;Kim, Jae-Ok;Park, Chong-Yawl
    • Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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    • v.38 no.2 s.115
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    • pp.52-60
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    • 2006
  • Environment-friendly shock-absorbing materials were made of wastepaper such as Korean old corrugated containers(KOCC) and Korean old newsprint (KONP) with a vacuum forming method. The plate-like cushioning materials made of KOCC and KONP respectively by vacuum forming showed superior shock-absorbing properties with lower elastic moduli compared to expanded polystyrene (EPS) and pulp mold. Even though the plate-like materials had many free voids in their fiber structure, their apparent densities (${\approx}0.1g/cm^3$) were a little higher than that of EPS (${\approx}0.03g/cm^3$) and much lower than that of pulp mold(${\approx}0.3g/cm^3$). However, the elastic moduli of the cushioning materials made of wastepaper were much lower than that of EPS or pulp mold. This finding implies that the cushioning materials made of KOCC fibers containing more lignin than KONP show better shock-absorbing properties than KONP. Moreover, the cushioning materials made of KOCC and KONP respectively showed greater porosity than pulp mold. The addition of cationic starch to the cushioning materials contributed to the increase in the elastic modulus to the same level as that of EPS. Furthermore, the deterioration in fiber quality by repeated use of wastepaper played a positive role in improving shock-absorbing ability.

An Effect Analysis of Rearfoot Movement and Impact force by Different Design of Running Shoes Hardness (런닝화의 경도 차이가 후족 제어 및 충격력에 미치는 영향 분석)

  • Lee Dong-Choon;Lee Woo-Chang
    • Proceedings of the Society of Korea Industrial and System Engineering Conference
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    • 2002.05a
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    • pp.291-296
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    • 2002
  • The midsole hardness of athletic footwear affects capability of absorbing impact shock and controls rearfoot movement during running and walking. The prior studies were focused on examining the proper hardness of footwear for rearfoot movement or to finding effective hardness for absorbing impact shock. The displacements of maximal Achilles tendon angle described a amount of pronation motion is decreased when medial hardness of midsole is large more than lateral. Increasing hardness of footwear midsole are effected to reduce maximum and intial pronation angle, but declined the ability of impact shock during heelstrike. For determination of effectiveness hardness of midsole, therefore, the study that makes a compromise between rearfoot movement and absorbing impact during footstrike must be performed. The purpose of this study is to examine quantitative values of rearfoot control and absorbing impact shock with different hardness of medial and lateral midsole on heel portion. The results are useful to define biomechanical hardness of midsole for developing running shoes. As variable for impact shock, accelerations onto shank and knee are measured during 4 running speeds (5, 7, 9, 11km/h). Also, maximum and $10\%$ pronation angle (Achilles tendon angle) were measured using high-speed camera.

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A Study on Balanced-Type Oscillating Mole Drainer (II) (Model Test For Vibration) (평형식진동탄환암거천공기의 연구(II) -모수실험 : 진동에 대하여-)

  • 김용환
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.3962-3969
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    • 1975
  • 1. When the frame of the experimental apparatus was directly fixed on the platform, result from the spectrum density analysis showed that the generated vibration frequecy of the system was nearly-same as the system's own characteristic vibration frequency, 80Hz, in the case of the forcing vibration frequency was 7.5 to 22.5Hz. The reduction ratio of acceleration by balanced type model compare to non-balanced type one was 26.66 percent. 2. When the frame of experimental apparatus was fixed on the platform with putting a shock absorbing rubber between the frame and the platform, the generated vibration frequency of the system was same as forcing vibration frequency. When either frequency or the amplitude of the forcing vibration was increased, the acceleration ratio was increased too. The average reduction ratio was resulted 44.77 per cent. It was concluded that this method of acceleration measurement(the method using a shock absorbing rubber) was a reaonable method, because actual machine will work under such condition. As the vibration frequency and aptitude were increased, the absolute magnitude of acceleration was increased. 3. unbalanced rotating parts, and unbalanced moment of inertia of links were supposed to be causing factors of residual vibration in spite of using the balanced type oscillating mole drainer. This fact suggested that the attachment of the counter weight on the rotating parts which satisfy the condition mw$.$rw=m0e, was necessary. And also, it was expected that the shock absorbing effect could be improved by putting the shock absorbing materials between the moving parts and their supports.

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Use of Wastepaper for Developing Environment-friendly Shock-absorbing Materials

  • Kim, Chul-Hwan;Song, Dae-Bin;Lee, Young-Min;Kim, Jae-Ok;Kim, Gyeong-Yun;Shin, Tae-Gi;Park, Chong-Yawl
    • Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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    • 2006.06b
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    • pp.471-474
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    • 2006
  • Environment-friendly shock-absorbing materials were made of wastepaper such as old corrugated containers (OCC) and old newspapers (ONP) with a vacuum forming method. The plate-like cushioning materials made of OCC and ONP respectively by vacuum forming showed superior shock-absorbing properties with lower elastic moduli compared to expanded polystyrene (EPS) and pulp mold. Even though the plate-like materials had many free voids in their fiber structure, their apparent densities (${\approx}0.1g/cm^{3}$) were a little higher than that of EPS (${\approx}0.03g/cm^{3}$) and much lower than that of pulp mold (${\approx}0.3g/cm^{3}$). However, the elastic moduli of the cushioning materials made of wastepaper were much lower than that of EPS or pulp mold. This finding implies that the cushioning materials made of OCC fibers containing more lignin than ONP show better shock-absorbing properties than ONP Moreover, the cushioning materials made of OCC and ONP respectively showed greater porosity than pulp mold. The addition of cationic starch to the cushioning materials contributed to an increase in the elastic modulus to the same level as that of EPS. Furthermore, the deterioration in fiber quality by repeated use of wastepaper played a great role in improving shock-absorbing ability.

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